Considerable attention has been given to seasonal and weekday effects of forex prices. The hope is that by discovering patterns, you can exploit the trading opportunities they present. While transaction costs may limit returns, day-of-the-week patterns can provide useful insights into market dynamics.
But such tendencies are not magic, and correctly analyzing their performance as part of a comprehensive trading plan requires a good understanding of statistics and often a working knowledge of calculus. Another drawback for most analysts is the need for software capable of processing the data and performing the necessary calculations. However, you don't need to be a rocket scientist simply to glean helpful market information from these patterns.
With a less-sophisticated but reasonable approach using standard spreadsheet software, our results reveal that the sample data suggest a "weekend" effect exists in currency prices and any exploitable pattern in price movement is worth exploring. Going a step further might unearth the cause of the relationship, which would better support estimates of when to expect the anticipated move.
Sunday, June 14, 2009
Cushioning effect of forex surge
The impact of sharp appreciation of the rupee since November last year on different segments of the economy is being carefully assessed in industry, forex and money market circles with a view to determining whether the hardening Indian currency is the result of stronger fundamental factors. There is also a desire to know if there has been a technical strengthening with a surge in forex reserves.
However, an analysis of rupee movements against other major currencies reveals that there has been only a modest appreciation against the British pound and the euro. The Japanese yen has of course firmed up against the rupee like the Chinese yuan. The weakening of the dollar against other major currencies has thus been mainly responsible for the significant improvement in the external parity of the Indian currency vis-À-vis the green back.
The rise is noticeable particularly after April this year because, out of the total improvement of 12.21 per cent, the rise in April-October was 9.03 per cent.
However, an analysis of rupee movements against other major currencies reveals that there has been only a modest appreciation against the British pound and the euro. The Japanese yen has of course firmed up against the rupee like the Chinese yuan. The weakening of the dollar against other major currencies has thus been mainly responsible for the significant improvement in the external parity of the Indian currency vis-À-vis the green back.
The rise is noticeable particularly after April this year because, out of the total improvement of 12.21 per cent, the rise in April-October was 9.03 per cent.
Singapore Dollar decided by chemicals industry
Singapore Dollar rate will be affected by the downfall in the chemicals industry, and accordingly is going to slope. Written in the context of the fact that the changes in the chemicals industry can slow down on the SGD-PLN prices, this statement might have far reaching significance during the next months!
Sri Lanka petroleum utility hedged to save forex:
Nov 13, 2008 (LBO) – Sri Lanka's state-run Ceylon Petroleum Corporation hedged its imports after being pushed by the island's central bank in a bid to save foreign currency reserves of the country, a top official said.
CPC started hedging in early 2007 after the island's cabinet of ministers and a committee in which the central bank was represented, recommended hedging using zero cost derivative structures
CPC started hedging in early 2007 after the island's cabinet of ministers and a committee in which the central bank was represented, recommended hedging using zero cost derivative structures
China Debates Forex Reserves; Boosts Strategic Petroleum Reserves
A string of recent pronouncements from Beijing leaders capped off with a strong statement by Premier Wen Jiabao over his concerns for the value of China's $681.9 billion investment in U.S. Treasury bonds has highlighted a troubled Chinese leadership's outlook for 2009. Premier Wen's statement was received by analysts as a strong warning to Washington. It follows a revision in the $588 billion Chinese fiscal stimulus package (see Willy Lam's article in this issue) at the recently concluded National People's Congress (China's parliament) and the release of a joint communiqué at the close of the G-20 finance minister meeting by Brazil, India, Russia and China (BRIC). The timing of these pronouncements outlines the silhouette of China's nascent comprehensive economic strategy at home and abroad. Moreover, it is an outlay of the on-going heated debate within China over its roadmap for economic recovery and a test of Sino-U.S. relations, given China's massive $2 trillion foreign exchange reserves (China Daily, December 17, 2008).
During the "meet-the-press" session after the close of the NPC on March 12, Premier Wen said, "We [China] lent such huge fund to the United States and of course we're concerned about the security of our assets and, to speak truthfully, I am a little bit worried." In an unusually direct appeal, Wen added, "I request the U.S. to maintain its good credit, to honor its promises and to guarantee the safety of China's assets" (Xinhua News Agency, March 13). On the issue of China's foreign reserves, Wen asserted that Beijing's primary concern will be to preserve its national interest, but he also acknowledged that, "we [China] also have to consider the stability of the overall international financial system, as the two factors are interlinked." Wen's statement linking China's national interests to stability in the international financial system were meant to allay concerns over the possible destabilizing impact of China's rise in the international system. The statement also reflects the oft-stated official position that China is a responsible stakeholder, and to brush aside any lingering expectation that China will take a leadership role in reshaping the post-Bretton Woods system.
During the "meet-the-press" session after the close of the NPC on March 12, Premier Wen said, "We [China] lent such huge fund to the United States and of course we're concerned about the security of our assets and, to speak truthfully, I am a little bit worried." In an unusually direct appeal, Wen added, "I request the U.S. to maintain its good credit, to honor its promises and to guarantee the safety of China's assets" (Xinhua News Agency, March 13). On the issue of China's foreign reserves, Wen asserted that Beijing's primary concern will be to preserve its national interest, but he also acknowledged that, "we [China] also have to consider the stability of the overall international financial system, as the two factors are interlinked." Wen's statement linking China's national interests to stability in the international financial system were meant to allay concerns over the possible destabilizing impact of China's rise in the international system. The statement also reflects the oft-stated official position that China is a responsible stakeholder, and to brush aside any lingering expectation that China will take a leadership role in reshaping the post-Bretton Woods system.
Import Prices Jumped 1.6% In April Amid Higher Petroleum Prices
Wednesday morning, the Labor Department released its report on import and export prices in the month of April, showing that import prices rose at the fastest pace in ten months amid a substantial increase in petroleum import prices.
The report showed that import prices jumped 1.6 percent in April following a much more modest 0.2 percent increase in March. The increase in import prices marked the fastest pace of growth since a 3.0 percent increase in June of 2008.
The notable increase was largely due to a 15.4 percent increase in prices of petroleum imports, which followed a 7.9 percent increase in March.
Excluding the increase in petroleum import prices, import prices actually fell 0.4 percent in April compared to a 0.9 percent decrease in the previous month. This marked the ninth consecutive monthly decrease in non-petroleum import prices.
Additionally, the report showed that export prices rose 0.5 percent in April after falling 0.7 percent in March. The increase was partly due to a 3.6 percent increase in prices of agricultural exports, although prices still rose 0.3 percent excluding agricultural exports.
On an annual basis, import prices were down 16.3 percent compared to the same month a year ago, while export prices were down 6.8 percent year-over-year.
The report showed that import prices jumped 1.6 percent in April following a much more modest 0.2 percent increase in March. The increase in import prices marked the fastest pace of growth since a 3.0 percent increase in June of 2008.
The notable increase was largely due to a 15.4 percent increase in prices of petroleum imports, which followed a 7.9 percent increase in March.
Excluding the increase in petroleum import prices, import prices actually fell 0.4 percent in April compared to a 0.9 percent decrease in the previous month. This marked the ninth consecutive monthly decrease in non-petroleum import prices.
Additionally, the report showed that export prices rose 0.5 percent in April after falling 0.7 percent in March. The increase was partly due to a 3.6 percent increase in prices of agricultural exports, although prices still rose 0.3 percent excluding agricultural exports.
On an annual basis, import prices were down 16.3 percent compared to the same month a year ago, while export prices were down 6.8 percent year-over-year.
Saturday, June 13, 2009
10. Sulfites
Sulfites are a class of chemicals that can keep cut fruits and vegetables looking fresh. They also prevent discoloration in apricots, raisins, and other dried fruits; control "black spot" in freshly caught shrimp; and prevent discoloration, bacterial growth, and fermentation in wine. Until the early 80's they were considered safe, but CSPI found six scientific studies proving that sulfites could provoke sometimes severe allergic reactions. CSPI and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) identified at least a dozen fatalities linked to sulfites. All of the deaths occurred among asthmatics. In 1985 Congress finally forced FDA to ban sulfites from most fruits and vegetables. Especially if you have asthma, be sure to consider whether your attacks might be related to sulfites. The ban does not cover fresh-cut potatoes, dried fruits, and wine.
9. Potassium Bromate
This additive has long been used to increase the volume of bread and to produce bread with a fine crumb (the non-crust part of bread) structure. Most bromate rapidly breaks down to form innocuous bromide. However, bromate itself causes cancer in animals. The tiny amounts of bromate that may remain in bread pose a small risk to consumers. Bromate has been banned virtually worldwide except in Japan and the United States. It is rarely used in California because a cancer warning is required on the label.
8. Olestra
Olestra, the fake fat recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is both dangerous and unnecessary. Olestra was approved over the objection of dozens of leading scientists.
The additive may be fat-free but it has a fatal side-effect: it attaches to valuable nutrients and flushes them out of the body. Some of these nutrients -- called carotenoids -- appear to protect us from such diseases as lung cancer, prostate cancer, heart disease, and macular degeneration. The Harvard School of Public Health states that "the long-term consumption of olestra snack foods might therefore result in several thousand unnecessary deaths each year from lung and ,prostate cancers and heart disease, and hundreds of additional cases of blindness in the elderly due to macular degeneration. Besides contributing to disease, olestra causes diarrhea and other serious gastrointestinal problems, even at low doses."
FDA certified olestra despite the fact that there are safe low-fat snacks already on the market. There is no evidence to show that olestra will have any significant effect on reducing obesity in America.
Despite being approved as safe by the FDA, all snacks containing olestra must carry a warning label (similar to one found on cigarettes) that states:
This Product Contains Olestra. Olestra may cause abdominal cramping and loose stools. Olestra inhibits the absorption of some vitamins and other nutrients. Vitamins A, D, E, and K have been added.
CSPI advises consumers to avoid all olestra foods, and urges major food manufacturers not to make olestra-containing products.
The additive may be fat-free but it has a fatal side-effect: it attaches to valuable nutrients and flushes them out of the body. Some of these nutrients -- called carotenoids -- appear to protect us from such diseases as lung cancer, prostate cancer, heart disease, and macular degeneration. The Harvard School of Public Health states that "the long-term consumption of olestra snack foods might therefore result in several thousand unnecessary deaths each year from lung and ,prostate cancers and heart disease, and hundreds of additional cases of blindness in the elderly due to macular degeneration. Besides contributing to disease, olestra causes diarrhea and other serious gastrointestinal problems, even at low doses."
FDA certified olestra despite the fact that there are safe low-fat snacks already on the market. There is no evidence to show that olestra will have any significant effect on reducing obesity in America.
Despite being approved as safe by the FDA, all snacks containing olestra must carry a warning label (similar to one found on cigarettes) that states:
This Product Contains Olestra. Olestra may cause abdominal cramping and loose stools. Olestra inhibits the absorption of some vitamins and other nutrients. Vitamins A, D, E, and K have been added.
CSPI advises consumers to avoid all olestra foods, and urges major food manufacturers not to make olestra-containing products.
7. Nitrite and Nitrate
Sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate are two closely related chemicals used for centuries to preserve meat. While nitrate itself is harmless, it is readily converted to nitrite. When nitrite combines with compounds called secondary amines, it forms nitrosamines, extremely powerful cancer-causing chemicals. The chemical reaction occurs most readily at the high temperatures of frying. Nitrite has long been suspected as being a cause of stomach cancer. Look for nitrite-free processed meats -- some of which are frozen, refrigeration reduces the need for nitrites -- at some health food and grocery stores. But regardless of the presence of nitrite or nitrosamines, the high-fat, high-sodium content of most processed meats should be enough to discourage you from choosing them. And don't cook with bacon drippings.
6. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
Early in this century a Japanese chemist identified MSG as the substance in certain seasonings that added to the flavor of protein-containing foods. Unfortunately, too much MSG can lead to headaches, tightness in the chest, and a burning sensation in the forearms an the back of the neck. If you think you are sensitive to MSG, look at ingredient listings. Also, avoid hydrolyzed vegetable protein, or HVP, which may contain MSG.
5. Caffeine
Caffeine is found naturally in tea, coffee, and cocoa. It is also added to many soft drinks. It is one of the few drugs -- a stimulant -- added to foods. Caffeine promotes stomach-acid secretion (possibly increasing the symptoms of peptic ulcers), temporarily raises blood pressure, and dialates some blood vessels while constricting others. Excessive caffeine intake results in "caffeinism," with symptoms ranging from nervousness to insomnia. These problems also affect children who drink between 2 to 7 cans of soda a day. Caffeine may also interfere with reproduction and affect developing fetuses. Experiments on lab animals link caffeine to birth defects such as cleft palates, missing fingers and toes, and skull malformations.
Caffeine is mildly addictive, which is why some people experience headaches when they stop drinking it. While small amounts of caffeine don't pose a problem for everyone, avoid it if you are trying to become or are pregnant. And try to keep caffeine out of you child's diet.
Note: Caffeine can be ingested in cases of severe migraine headaches to quickly relieve pain due to its dilating effects.
Caffeine is mildly addictive, which is why some people experience headaches when they stop drinking it. While small amounts of caffeine don't pose a problem for everyone, avoid it if you are trying to become or are pregnant. And try to keep caffeine out of you child's diet.
Note: Caffeine can be ingested in cases of severe migraine headaches to quickly relieve pain due to its dilating effects.
4. BHA & BHT
These two closely related chemicals are added to oil-containing foods to prevent oxidation and retard rancidity. The International Agency for Research on Cancer, part of the World Health Organization, consider BHA to be possibly carcinogenic to humans, and the State of California has listed it as a carcinogen. Some studies show the same cancer causing possibilities for BHT.
BHT and BHA are totally unnecessary. To avoid them read the label. Because of the possibility that BHT and BHA might cause cancer, both should be phased out of our food supply. To play it safe, phase them out of your diet.
BHT and BHA are totally unnecessary. To avoid them read the label. Because of the possibility that BHT and BHA might cause cancer, both should be phased out of our food supply. To play it safe, phase them out of your diet.
3. Aspartame
This sugar substitute, sold commercially as Equal and NutraSweet, was hailed as the savior for dieters who for decades had put up with saccharine's unpleasant after taste. There are quite a few problems with aspartame. The first is phenylketonuria (PKU). One out of 20,000 babies is born without the ability to metabolize phenylalanine, one of the two amino acids in aspartame. Toxic levels of this substance in the blood can result in mental retardation. Beyond PKU several scientists believe that aspartame might cause altered brain function and behavior changes in consumers. And many people (though a minuscule fraction) have reported dizziness, headaches, epileptic-like seizures, and menstrual problems after ingesting aspartame.
Avoid aspartame if you are pregnant, suffer from PKU, or think that you experience side affects from using it. If you consume more than a couple of servings a day consider cutting back. And, to be on the safe side, don't give aspartame to infants.
Avoid aspartame if you are pregnant, suffer from PKU, or think that you experience side affects from using it. If you consume more than a couple of servings a day consider cutting back. And, to be on the safe side, don't give aspartame to infants.
2. Artificial colorings
The great bulk of artificial colorings used in food are synthetic dyes. For decades synthetic food dyes have been suspected of being toxic or carcinogenic and many have been banned. Whenever possible, choose foods without dyes. They're mostly used in foods of questionable nutritional worth anyway. Natural ingredients should provide all the color your food needs.
1. Acesulfame K
Known commercially as Sunette or Sweet One, acesulfame is a sugar substitute sold in packet or tablet form, in chewing gum, dry mixes for beverages, instant coffee and tea, gelatin desserts, puddings and non-dairy creamers. Tests show that the additive causes cancer in animals, which means it may increase cancer in humans. Avoid acesulfame K and products containing it. Your sweet tooth isn't worth it.
Food Additives to Avoid
There are over 14,000 man-made chemicals added to our American food supply today. Food additives are not natural nutrition for humans or their pets. Children are suffering the most from food additives because they are exposed to food chemicals from infancy, and human bodies were not meant to be exposed to the degree of chemicals and food additives that we are currently.
It is important for everyone to be aware of the types of chemicals and food additives they are consuming. I have selected merely a few chemical food additives listed below as examples, but recommend you use the internet resources to research the myriad of chemicals and food additives inundating our modern food supply.
It is important for everyone to be aware of the types of chemicals and food additives they are consuming. I have selected merely a few chemical food additives listed below as examples, but recommend you use the internet resources to research the myriad of chemicals and food additives inundating our modern food supply.
Mercury and your diet.
"Many" is for "Mineral Oil": "Mineral oil has received a very bad rap. It was vilified in the 1950s when the mineral oil was industrial-grade and extremely pore-clogging," Graf says. "Today, cosmetic-grade mineral oil is quite elegant and non-irritating as well as non-clogging." Adds Hammer, "It is a very good moisturizer because it forms an occlusive covering over the skin."
"Lousy" is for "Lead": "The FDA has looked at the lead levels in lipstick and found that they are well within non-toxic levels," Graf says. According to Hammer, "If any trace lead is present from the use of other minerals, the amounts are small enough not to worry about."
"Chemical" is for "Colorants": "Cosmetic colorants are strictly regulated by the FDA and have been determined to be safe for use at the levels found in cosmetics," Hammer says. "Some individuals may experience particular sensitivity to certain ones, for example FD&C Yellow #4"
"Substances" is for "Sodium Lauryl Sulfate": "It's just internet paranoia," says Hammer. "This is a very effective surfactant, in many cases derived from coconut, used in shampoo, body wash, even in toothpaste. " Graf adds that, despite the rumors, so
"Lousy" is for "Lead": "The FDA has looked at the lead levels in lipstick and found that they are well within non-toxic levels," Graf says. According to Hammer, "If any trace lead is present from the use of other minerals, the amounts are small enough not to worry about."
"Chemical" is for "Colorants": "Cosmetic colorants are strictly regulated by the FDA and have been determined to be safe for use at the levels found in cosmetics," Hammer says. "Some individuals may experience particular sensitivity to certain ones, for example FD&C Yellow #4"
"Substances" is for "Sodium Lauryl Sulfate": "It's just internet paranoia," says Hammer. "This is a very effective surfactant, in many cases derived from coconut, used in shampoo, body wash, even in toothpaste. " Graf adds that, despite the rumors, so
Sodium lauryl sulfate
This detergent is found in beauty products such as shampoo, bath gel and cleansers and is used to help create foam or lather.. The chemical compound is a mixture of sulfuric acid, monododecyl ester and sodium, and in its pure state, can emit toxic fumes when exposed to high temperatures.
Though the debate regarding the safety of sodium lauryl sulfate is ongoing,: On one hand it is thought to be fine when added to products in diluted form. Others are concerned that organ tissues such as the heart, liver and brain retain the chemical. In more extreme circumstances, it may have muatagenic effects on lab animals, as well as it can strip the skin of moisture due to its corrosive properties, can lead to cataracts if the eye is exposed to it for too long and can induce hair loss if it remains on the follicle for extended periods of time.
The worst suspected property of sodium lauryl sulfate is that it is believed to be carcinogenic, though it required interaction with ingredients that carry nitrogen, since it causes an oxidation reaction. However the Occupational Safety and Health Administration have classified the chemical as non-carcinogenic, for the time being at least.
Though the debate regarding the safety of sodium lauryl sulfate is ongoing,: On one hand it is thought to be fine when added to products in diluted form. Others are concerned that organ tissues such as the heart, liver and brain retain the chemical. In more extreme circumstances, it may have muatagenic effects on lab animals, as well as it can strip the skin of moisture due to its corrosive properties, can lead to cataracts if the eye is exposed to it for too long and can induce hair loss if it remains on the follicle for extended periods of time.
The worst suspected property of sodium lauryl sulfate is that it is believed to be carcinogenic, though it required interaction with ingredients that carry nitrogen, since it causes an oxidation reaction. However the Occupational Safety and Health Administration have classified the chemical as non-carcinogenic, for the time being at least.
Paraphenylenediamine (PPD)
Are you putting a chemical used in photocopier ink and rubber products on your head. As it turns out, possibly. Paraphenylendiamine (dare you to say it quickly three times in a row) is commonly found in hair coloring products.
Though PPD supposedly contains low toxicity levels, it is a serious allergen that should not have direct contact with skin. A potential side effect of PPD include mild contact dermatitis on the forehead, eyelids and ears, which usually occurs while oxidizing.
Though PPD supposedly contains low toxicity levels, it is a serious allergen that should not have direct contact with skin. A potential side effect of PPD include mild contact dermatitis on the forehead, eyelids and ears, which usually occurs while oxidizing.
Lead
In 2007, the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics revealed that a number of cosmetics companies sold lipstick containing high levels of lead. In fact, 61 per cent of the lipsticks tested were shown to have detectable amounts.
Lead can be extremely toxic if eaten or inhaled, and though the rate of absorption into the body is slow, the rate of excretion is even slower. The result can be neurological damage, renal disease, cardiovascular problems and reproductive toxicity.
The most unclear aspect of lead exposure is the level of human tolerance to it - a level once considered safe, is now labeled hazardous.
Besides lipstick, some imported cosmetics such as kohl, from the Middle East, India, Pakistan and parts of Africa, contain lead.
Lead can be extremely toxic if eaten or inhaled, and though the rate of absorption into the body is slow, the rate of excretion is even slower. The result can be neurological damage, renal disease, cardiovascular problems and reproductive toxicity.
The most unclear aspect of lead exposure is the level of human tolerance to it - a level once considered safe, is now labeled hazardous.
Besides lipstick, some imported cosmetics such as kohl, from the Middle East, India, Pakistan and parts of Africa, contain lead.
Parabens
Parabens are used as a preservative in personal care products to prevent the occurrence of mold, fungi and bacteria and to extend the shelf life of cosmetics.
There are different types of parabens - methylparaben, propylparaben and butylparaben to name a few. While the level of concentration of them in any given product is less than one per cent, they are known to imitate estrogen and can increase the risk of breast cancer. They may also cause birth defects in babies, with male infants being at a higher risk.
There are different types of parabens - methylparaben, propylparaben and butylparaben to name a few. While the level of concentration of them in any given product is less than one per cent, they are known to imitate estrogen and can increase the risk of breast cancer. They may also cause birth defects in babies, with male infants being at a higher risk.
Tuesday, June 9, 2009
Multiple Uses of Chemicals: An Education Tool
A small international working group was established to develop this educational package to help foster debate. Four working papers were produced, which cover:
the multiple uses of chemicals;
the CWC;
the toxicology of selected chemical-warfare agents; and
codes of conduct.
The papers have been peer reviewed and tested in workshops in Italy, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Korea, and the United Kingdom. Participants in the workshops have included chemistry students, teachers, university professors, diplomats and specialists in chemical warfare. These four papers have all been translated and are available in the working languages of the OPCW.
The papers are written to help foster discussion, and to encourage chemists to debate what happened in the past and to consider the implications of their own work. The papers make it clear that chemical weapons are illegal, and that any decision by chemists to assist in making these weapons is an active choice. Chemists will have to make a decision to break the law and to engage in some questionable deal with whoever wants chemical-warfare agents.
It is about conscious choices. Readers of the papers are introduced to the subject in the paper on the multiple uses of chemicals. They are told how easy it is to convert a common ingredient in cough linctus into an addictive and highly dangerous street drug. The paper also discusses the multiple uses of chemicals like thiodiglycol — a useful starting point in the manufacture of mustard gas, but a chemical used in many ballpoint inks. The widely used industrial solvent isopropanol is another example, chosen because it is a key ingredient for making sarin.
Having been introduced to these topics, readers are then encouraged to debate a number of issues, including how much information about chemicals (or drugs) ought to be made public; whose responsibility it is to control these substances; and to identify other chemicals where there are dual-use concerns. The subject matter is something with which most chemists will be familiar, either as individuals or as parents concerned about the welfare of their children.
Two other papers introduce readers to the CWC, the OPCW and the effects of exposure to chemical-warfare agents. These papers ask questions similar to those raised in the first paper about controlling drugs. Having already discussed the drugs question, most chemists will find it easier to engage in a debate about the control of chemical-warfare agents.
The final paper in the series is on codes of conduct. Codes may simply refer to ethical issues, such as the Hippocratic Oath for doctors. These aspirational codes set standards that should be upheld, but that are often very general and not enforceable. There are educational/advisory codes for how to conduct oneself in a place of work, for example, or more specific enforceable codes that may govern accreditation to a profession. These latter codes will be very specific and run the risk of being inflexible in a rapidly changing profession. They may also not say much about ethical issues, but might merely state a set of rules that needs to be followed. There are pros and cons with all codes, and debate within a profession is needed to decide which type best fits the needs of the group. Chemists are encouraged to debate these issues and to decide on a code that would encourage good (legal) behaviour.
the multiple uses of chemicals;
the CWC;
the toxicology of selected chemical-warfare agents; and
codes of conduct.
The papers have been peer reviewed and tested in workshops in Italy, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Korea, and the United Kingdom. Participants in the workshops have included chemistry students, teachers, university professors, diplomats and specialists in chemical warfare. These four papers have all been translated and are available in the working languages of the OPCW.
The papers are written to help foster discussion, and to encourage chemists to debate what happened in the past and to consider the implications of their own work. The papers make it clear that chemical weapons are illegal, and that any decision by chemists to assist in making these weapons is an active choice. Chemists will have to make a decision to break the law and to engage in some questionable deal with whoever wants chemical-warfare agents.
It is about conscious choices. Readers of the papers are introduced to the subject in the paper on the multiple uses of chemicals. They are told how easy it is to convert a common ingredient in cough linctus into an addictive and highly dangerous street drug. The paper also discusses the multiple uses of chemicals like thiodiglycol — a useful starting point in the manufacture of mustard gas, but a chemical used in many ballpoint inks. The widely used industrial solvent isopropanol is another example, chosen because it is a key ingredient for making sarin.
Having been introduced to these topics, readers are then encouraged to debate a number of issues, including how much information about chemicals (or drugs) ought to be made public; whose responsibility it is to control these substances; and to identify other chemicals where there are dual-use concerns. The subject matter is something with which most chemists will be familiar, either as individuals or as parents concerned about the welfare of their children.
Two other papers introduce readers to the CWC, the OPCW and the effects of exposure to chemical-warfare agents. These papers ask questions similar to those raised in the first paper about controlling drugs. Having already discussed the drugs question, most chemists will find it easier to engage in a debate about the control of chemical-warfare agents.
The final paper in the series is on codes of conduct. Codes may simply refer to ethical issues, such as the Hippocratic Oath for doctors. These aspirational codes set standards that should be upheld, but that are often very general and not enforceable. There are educational/advisory codes for how to conduct oneself in a place of work, for example, or more specific enforceable codes that may govern accreditation to a profession. These latter codes will be very specific and run the risk of being inflexible in a rapidly changing profession. They may also not say much about ethical issues, but might merely state a set of rules that needs to be followed. There are pros and cons with all codes, and debate within a profession is needed to decide which type best fits the needs of the group. Chemists are encouraged to debate these issues and to decide on a code that would encourage good (legal) behaviour.
Multiple Uses of Chemicals:
Chemical processes determine who we are. Chemistry in the brain gives us our sense of being and helps to determine how we act. The oxygen we breathe is from chemical processes in plants, and many of the consumer products we buy are the output of some chemical process. Chemistry is central to our life on earth, with many of the major global issues we are facing requiring chemical solutions, be it understanding what happens in the earth’s atmosphere, providing clean water, improving food supplies, or discovering new medicines. Chemistry thus has enormous potential to contribute positively to global well-being.
But is has not always been like this. Ninety years ago in World War I, chemists were actively perfecting weapons that relied on the physical and toxic properties of chemicals. The use of chlorine, phosgene and mustard gas in WWI, which was promoted and perfected by chemists and chemical engineers, resulted in some 1.3 million casualties, of whom an estimated 90,000 died soon after exposure. Many others died years later from the lung injuries sustained on the battlefield following inhalation of the various chemical-warfare gases and aerosols.
In World War I, chemists considered it their duty to contribute to their country’s war effort. Munitions had to be produced to suit military strategy. But the carnage of WWI had a lasting impact. It led to calls for treaties outlawing chemical warfare. First there was the 1925 Geneva Protocol. But we had to wait a further 70 years for the Chemical Weapons Convention to enforce chemical disarmament.
Enforcement requires governments to ensure that their citizens do not develop or promote the use of chemical weapons. Chemists have a crucial role to play in this process. If the proscriptions of the CWC are to succeed, chemists will have to support them. For it is chemists whose help will be needed to make the chemical-warfare agents and test the suitability of new ones for use in munitions. Chemists will thus have to decide whether they will help to make chemical weapons or refuse to have anything to do with them.
The law is clear: Making chemical weapons is illegal. Not all chemists are aware of this. Many do not know about the CWC, and thus there is a need to inform them about the treaty and the choices they will have to make in their careers.
To facilitate this process, the OPCW and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) held a conference in Oxford, United Kingdom, in the summer of 2005 to discuss this issue. Two decisions came out of this meeting. The first was to have a working group consider how best to promote codes of conduct in the chemical industry, and the second was the recognition that there was a need for educational material for chemists, which both encouraged them to consider the implications of their research and informed them about the CWC and the OPCW.
But is has not always been like this. Ninety years ago in World War I, chemists were actively perfecting weapons that relied on the physical and toxic properties of chemicals. The use of chlorine, phosgene and mustard gas in WWI, which was promoted and perfected by chemists and chemical engineers, resulted in some 1.3 million casualties, of whom an estimated 90,000 died soon after exposure. Many others died years later from the lung injuries sustained on the battlefield following inhalation of the various chemical-warfare gases and aerosols.
In World War I, chemists considered it their duty to contribute to their country’s war effort. Munitions had to be produced to suit military strategy. But the carnage of WWI had a lasting impact. It led to calls for treaties outlawing chemical warfare. First there was the 1925 Geneva Protocol. But we had to wait a further 70 years for the Chemical Weapons Convention to enforce chemical disarmament.
Enforcement requires governments to ensure that their citizens do not develop or promote the use of chemical weapons. Chemists have a crucial role to play in this process. If the proscriptions of the CWC are to succeed, chemists will have to support them. For it is chemists whose help will be needed to make the chemical-warfare agents and test the suitability of new ones for use in munitions. Chemists will thus have to decide whether they will help to make chemical weapons or refuse to have anything to do with them.
The law is clear: Making chemical weapons is illegal. Not all chemists are aware of this. Many do not know about the CWC, and thus there is a need to inform them about the treaty and the choices they will have to make in their careers.
To facilitate this process, the OPCW and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) held a conference in Oxford, United Kingdom, in the summer of 2005 to discuss this issue. Two decisions came out of this meeting. The first was to have a working group consider how best to promote codes of conduct in the chemical industry, and the second was the recognition that there was a need for educational material for chemists, which both encouraged them to consider the implications of their research and informed them about the CWC and the OPCW.
Availability of Raw Materials
One of the unintended consequences of certain environmental regulations is a market distortion toward a particular product over other competing products. For example, potential climate change legislation could leave electric utilities with little alternative but to switch to natural gas. Approximately half of the petrochemicals produced in the U.S. use natural gas liquids as a feedstock. Having to compete with utilities for natural gas will result in a dramatic price increase, placing U.S. petrochemical producers at a severe competitive disadvantage compared to other regions in the global marketplace.
Petrochemical producers need an abundant supply of raw materials and may have to compete with electric utilities and others for their most critical feedstocks.
Petrochemical producers need an abundant supply of raw materials and may have to compete with electric utilities and others for their most critical feedstocks.
Surface-Active Agents
Agents that modify interfacial tension of water; usually substances that have one lipophilic and one hydrophilic group in the molecule; includes soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, dispersing and wetting agents, and several groups of antiseptics
Chemical Testing
Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), specifically under TSCA Section 4, EPA can require companies to test certain substances and submit the testing results to the Agency. EPA also uses consent orders, which are negotiated between the Agency and chemical companies that will be sponsoring the testing, to reduce administrative burdens. In addition to TSCA actions, EPA also initiates voluntary programs to gather and make chemical hazard information publicly available. One such program, the High Production Volume Chemical Challenge (aka HPV Challenge), began in the late 1990’s and will soon enter a new phase under EPA’s recently announced Chemical Assessment & Management Program (ChAMP). The next phase for HPV chemicals is the evaluation of results from testing, which is also called a hazard characterization, then comparison with available use and exposure information for those substances presenting moderate to high levels of toxicity. Over 2,100 chemicals have been voluntarily sponsored under the HPV Challenge, resulting in more data being made publicly available than any other program in the world, regulatory or otherwise. For those HPV chemicals not sponsored voluntarily, EPA has begun issuing TSCA Section 4 test rules, the first of which was finalized a few years ago. EPA published another test rule in the Federal Register in July 2008.
EPA test rules require specific chemical companies to conduct laboratory testing on certain chemicals and provide EPA with study reports and summaries of the results. Companies operating in those particular chemical markets have definite obligations, which, if not met, could mean fines of up to $25,000 per day for each day out of compliance.
EPA test rules require specific chemical companies to conduct laboratory testing on certain chemicals and provide EPA with study reports and summaries of the results. Companies operating in those particular chemical markets have definite obligations, which, if not met, could mean fines of up to $25,000 per day for each day out of compliance.
Pharmaceutic Aids
Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include SOLVENTS, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, ANTIOXIDANTS; PRESERVATIVES, PHARMACEUTICAL; COLORING AGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; VEHICLES; EXCIPIENTS; OINTMENT BASES.
Congressional Bans on Uses of Chemicals
Chemical risk management has traditionally been a function of the Executive Branch of government, primarily through the Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety & Health Administration and Consumer Product Safety Commission. Congress has recently shown interest in legislating risk management. In the 110th Congress, the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (H.R. 4040) passed both houses of Congress and was signed into law. The bill bans the use of certain phthalates in children's products based solely on the perceived hazards of the substances and does not take into account the potential for a person to be exposed to amounts that could be harmful. Toxicologists are still debating key issues related to the toxicity of phthalates. NPRA urges caution against hazard-based approach in lieu of risk management. This type of approach is more akin to the European version of the Precautionary Principle.
Congress does not have the level of scientific expertise or support in matters of toxicology and chemical risk assessment to make fully informed decisions on specific chemicals. H.R. 4040 is just the first in what NPRA expects to be a series of Congressional actions relating to chemical risk managemen
Congress does not have the level of scientific expertise or support in matters of toxicology and chemical risk assessment to make fully informed decisions on specific chemicals. H.R. 4040 is just the first in what NPRA expects to be a series of Congressional actions relating to chemical risk managemen
Disinfectants
Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals.
Chemicals Designed to be Toxic
All chemicals pose some degree of hazard, either alone or in various combinations. It is the dose of a chemical that determines whether or not it is harmful to humans and other organisms--even water can be toxic at extremely high doses. Chemists have learned how to handle chemicals and control chemical reactions so as to minimize any risk to humans and the environment. The chemical industry is continually finding better ways to make synthetic chemicals and their production safer, and to eliminate waste products that could damage the environment – the aim of so-called “green chemistry.”
However, some chemicals are deliberately designed to be toxic! For example, the pharmaceutical industry creates many chemicals that, if the dose is right, can kill pathogenic bacteria and viruses without harming the host organism. Other chemicals are designed to poison cancer cells in the human body. The agrochemical industry synthesizes chemicals that kill insects, fungi, weeds, rodents and other pests that could destroy our food supply. These toxic chemicals can be beneficial to humans, provided they are designed to target only things that cause harm and are used in a careful and responsible manner.
Certain toxic chemicals have been created or misused for a completely different purpose, however – to kill or injure humans. Let’s examine the use and production of chemical weapons.
However, some chemicals are deliberately designed to be toxic! For example, the pharmaceutical industry creates many chemicals that, if the dose is right, can kill pathogenic bacteria and viruses without harming the host organism. Other chemicals are designed to poison cancer cells in the human body. The agrochemical industry synthesizes chemicals that kill insects, fungi, weeds, rodents and other pests that could destroy our food supply. These toxic chemicals can be beneficial to humans, provided they are designed to target only things that cause harm and are used in a careful and responsible manner.
Certain toxic chemicals have been created or misused for a completely different purpose, however – to kill or injure humans. Let’s examine the use and production of chemical weapons.
Tuesday, June 2, 2009
Personal Care Products
Acetone Activated Carbon Aloe Vera Aluminum Stearate Amino Acid Ammonium ureth Sulfate Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate Antimicrobials Beeswax Bentonite Benzaldehyde Benzoic Acid Benzyl Alcohol Bicarbonate of Soda Bleach Calcium Stearate Caprylic Capric Acid Caprylic Capric Triglyceride Carboxymethylcellulose
Caustic Soda ( All Grades ) Caustic Soda (Beads, Prills) Cetyl Alcohol
Cetyl Palmitate Citric Acid Cocamide DEA Cocamide MEA Cocamidopropyl Betaine
Cocamidopropylamine Oxide Defoamers Denatured Alcohols Denatured Ethyl Alcohol
Diatomaceous Earth Dipropylene Glycol
Dow Corning Silicone Fluids
EDTA EDTA plus Epsom Salt Ethyl Alcohol (Denatured) Ethyl Vanillin Gum Arabic
Hand Soap (Liquid) Hydrogen Peroxide (35%,50%) Isopropanolamine Isopropyl Alcohol
Isopropyl Myristate Isopropyl Palmitate Jojoba Oil Keratin Lactic Acid Lanolin
Lauric Acid Lauryl Alcohol Lavender Oil Lecithin Magnesium Stearate Magnesium Sulfate
Mango Seed Oil Methanol Methyl Alcohol Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Mineral Oils
Monoethanolamine
Monoglycerides n-Butyl Acetate Oleic Acid Palm Oil Palmitic Acid Petrolatum
Polyethylene Glycol Polyethylene Glycol (PEG's) Polysorbates Potassium Carbonate
Potassium Hydroxide Potassium Tripolyphosphate Propionic Acid Propylene Glycol (All Grades) Rapeseed Oil Sodium Acetate Sodium Benzoate Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Carbonate (Light ,Dense) Sodium Chloride Sodium Gluconate
Sodium Hydroxide ( All Grades ) Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Sodium Stearate Soybean Oil
Stearic Acid Stearyl Alcohol Surfactants(Nonionic,Ionic,Cationic)
Titanium Dioxide Triacetin Triethanolamine (85%, 99%) Vanillin Zinc Oxide
Zinc Stearate
Caustic Soda ( All Grades ) Caustic Soda (Beads, Prills) Cetyl Alcohol
Cetyl Palmitate Citric Acid Cocamide DEA Cocamide MEA Cocamidopropyl Betaine
Cocamidopropylamine Oxide Defoamers Denatured Alcohols Denatured Ethyl Alcohol
Diatomaceous Earth Dipropylene Glycol
Dow Corning Silicone Fluids
EDTA EDTA plus Epsom Salt Ethyl Alcohol (Denatured) Ethyl Vanillin Gum Arabic
Hand Soap (Liquid) Hydrogen Peroxide (35%,50%) Isopropanolamine Isopropyl Alcohol
Isopropyl Myristate Isopropyl Palmitate Jojoba Oil Keratin Lactic Acid Lanolin
Lauric Acid Lauryl Alcohol Lavender Oil Lecithin Magnesium Stearate Magnesium Sulfate
Mango Seed Oil Methanol Methyl Alcohol Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Mineral Oils
Monoethanolamine
Monoglycerides n-Butyl Acetate Oleic Acid Palm Oil Palmitic Acid Petrolatum
Polyethylene Glycol Polyethylene Glycol (PEG's) Polysorbates Potassium Carbonate
Potassium Hydroxide Potassium Tripolyphosphate Propionic Acid Propylene Glycol (All Grades) Rapeseed Oil Sodium Acetate Sodium Benzoate Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Carbonate (Light ,Dense) Sodium Chloride Sodium Gluconate
Sodium Hydroxide ( All Grades ) Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Sodium Stearate Soybean Oil
Stearic Acid Stearyl Alcohol Surfactants(Nonionic,Ionic,Cationic)
Titanium Dioxide Triacetin Triethanolamine (85%, 99%) Vanillin Zinc Oxide
Zinc Stearate
Chemicals & Intermediaries
Acetic Acid (Glacial, 56% & 84%) Acetone Acrylic Acid Activated Carbon Adipic Acid
Aloe Vera Aluminum Stearate Aluminum Sulfate Amino Acid Ammonium Acetate
Ammonium Bicarbonate Ammonium Bifluoride Ammonium Chloride Ammonium Citrate
Ammonium Hydroxide Ammonium Laureth Sulfate Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Persulfate Ammonium Silicofluoride Ammonium Sulfate Antifoams Antifreeze
Antimicrobials Antimony Oxide Aqua Ammonia Barium Carbonate Barium Chloride Beeswax
Bentonite Benzaldehyde Benzoic Acid Benzyl Alcohol Bicarbonate of Soda Biocides
Bleach Borax Boric Acid Bromine Compounds Butyl Acrylate Butyl Stearate
Calcium Acetate Calcium Carbonate(PCC,USP) Calcium Chloride Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Hypochlorite Calcium Oxide Calcium Phosphate Calcium Stearate Carboxymethylcellulose Caustic Potash Caustic Soda (All Grades) Caustic Soda (Beads, Prills) Cetyl Alcohol Cetyl Palmitate Chlorine, granular Chloroform Chromic Acid
Citric Acid Coal Cocamide DEA Copper sulfate Corn Oil Cottonseed Oil Cupric Sulfate
Cyclohexane Cyclohexylamine Cyclopentane Defoamers Deionized Water Denatured Alcohols
Denatured Ethyl Alcohol
Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) Potassium Phosphate Potassium Silicate
Potassium Tripolyphosphate Primary Amyl Acetate Propionic Acid
Propylene Glycol (All Grades) Reagent Chemicals Rodine Safety Absorbent
Sodium Acetate
Sodium Acid Phosphate (SAP) Sodium Benzoate Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Bichromate
Sodium Sulfite Sodium Thiosulfate Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP)
Solvent 100Tripropylene Glycol Tung Oil Urea Vanillin VM & P Weed and Grass Killer
Xylene Zinc Oxide Zinc Stearate
Aloe Vera Aluminum Stearate Aluminum Sulfate Amino Acid Ammonium Acetate
Ammonium Bicarbonate Ammonium Bifluoride Ammonium Chloride Ammonium Citrate
Ammonium Hydroxide Ammonium Laureth Sulfate Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Persulfate Ammonium Silicofluoride Ammonium Sulfate Antifoams Antifreeze
Antimicrobials Antimony Oxide Aqua Ammonia Barium Carbonate Barium Chloride Beeswax
Bentonite Benzaldehyde Benzoic Acid Benzyl Alcohol Bicarbonate of Soda Biocides
Bleach Borax Boric Acid Bromine Compounds Butyl Acrylate Butyl Stearate
Calcium Acetate Calcium Carbonate(PCC,USP) Calcium Chloride Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Hypochlorite Calcium Oxide Calcium Phosphate Calcium Stearate Carboxymethylcellulose Caustic Potash Caustic Soda (All Grades) Caustic Soda (Beads, Prills) Cetyl Alcohol Cetyl Palmitate Chlorine, granular Chloroform Chromic Acid
Citric Acid Coal Cocamide DEA Copper sulfate Corn Oil Cottonseed Oil Cupric Sulfate
Cyclohexane Cyclohexylamine Cyclopentane Defoamers Deionized Water Denatured Alcohols
Denatured Ethyl Alcohol
Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) Potassium Phosphate Potassium Silicate
Potassium Tripolyphosphate Primary Amyl Acetate Propionic Acid
Propylene Glycol (All Grades) Reagent Chemicals Rodine Safety Absorbent
Sodium Acetate
Sodium Acid Phosphate (SAP) Sodium Benzoate Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Bichromate
Sodium Sulfite Sodium Thiosulfate Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP)
Solvent 100Tripropylene Glycol Tung Oil Urea Vanillin VM & P Weed and Grass Killer
Xylene Zinc Oxide Zinc Stearate
Inventory Control & Management Services
Industrial Chemicals has the capability to manage inventories on customer’s sites.
We currently perform this through electronic transmission and automatic replenishment of minimum inventories. This is a relatively low cost way to ensure appropriate inventory levels.
We also handle consigned materials for customers and handle all logistics functions. This aids our customers in maximizing floor space and minimizing inventory dollars.
Our inventory control personnel are extremely conscientious and offer a high service level.
We currently perform this through electronic transmission and automatic replenishment of minimum inventories. This is a relatively low cost way to ensure appropriate inventory levels.
We also handle consigned materials for customers and handle all logistics functions. This aids our customers in maximizing floor space and minimizing inventory dollars.
Our inventory control personnel are extremely conscientious and offer a high service level.
Heat Transfer Fluids
Industrial Chemicals is a leader in heat transfer fluid applications. We offer the following services in addition to the fluids.
o System sizing through pipe dimensions
o Water quality analysis
o Bulk tanker, drum and pail quantities
o Concentration calculations
o Post fill concentration certification
o Post fill balancing
o Complete analysis of system fluids for corrosion and contamination
o Glycol disposal if necessary
Diethylene Glycol
Dowfrost
Dowfrost HD
Dowtherm 4000
Dowtherm A
Dowtherm HT
Dowtherm SR-1
Ethylene Glycol
Heat Transfer Media
Propylene Glycol (All Grades)
o System sizing through pipe dimensions
o Water quality analysis
o Bulk tanker, drum and pail quantities
o Concentration calculations
o Post fill concentration certification
o Post fill balancing
o Complete analysis of system fluids for corrosion and contamination
o Glycol disposal if necessary
Diethylene Glycol
Dowfrost
Dowfrost HD
Dowtherm 4000
Dowtherm A
Dowtherm HT
Dowtherm SR-1
Ethylene Glycol
Heat Transfer Media
Propylene Glycol (All Grades)
Metal Finishing Chemicals
Ammonium Chloride Ammonium Silicofluoride Antimicrobials Antimony Oxide
Caustic Potash Caustic Soda (All Grades) Caustic Soda-Beads Chromic Acid
Copper (Metal) Copper sulfate Cupric Sulfate Cutting Oils Dampening fluids
EDTA EDTA plus Honing Oil Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic) Isopropanolamine
Lithium Fluoride Monoethanolamine Muriatic Acid Nickel (Metal) Nickel Carbonate
Nickel Sulfate Nitric Acid Phosphoric Acid (75%,85%) Potassium Hydroxide
Sodium Bichromate Sodium Citrate Sodium Glycolate Sodium Hydroxide (All Grades)
Sodium Thiosulfate Sulfamic Acid Sulfuric Acid Triethanolamine
Caustic Potash Caustic Soda (All Grades) Caustic Soda-Beads Chromic Acid
Copper (Metal) Copper sulfate Cupric Sulfate Cutting Oils Dampening fluids
EDTA EDTA plus Honing Oil Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic) Isopropanolamine
Lithium Fluoride Monoethanolamine Muriatic Acid Nickel (Metal) Nickel Carbonate
Nickel Sulfate Nitric Acid Phosphoric Acid (75%,85%) Potassium Hydroxide
Sodium Bichromate Sodium Citrate Sodium Glycolate Sodium Hydroxide (All Grades)
Sodium Thiosulfate Sulfamic Acid Sulfuric Acid Triethanolamine
Water Treatment Chemicals
Activated Carbon Aluminum Sulfate Ammonium Bicarbonate Ammonium Sulfate
Barium Chloride Bentonite Bicarbonate of Soda Bleach Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Hypochlorite Calcium Oxide Carboxymethylcellulose Caustic Potash
Caustic Soda (All Grades) Caustic Soda-Beads Chlorine, granular Citric Acid
Copper sulfate Cupric Sulfate Cyclohexylamine Defoamers Diatomaceous Earth
Disodium Phosphate Dow Corning Silicone Fluid EDTA EDTA plus Ferric Chloride
Ferric Sulfate Hydrazine Hydrate Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic)
Hydrogen Peroxide (35%,50%) Lime Monosodium Phosphate (MSP) Morpholine
Muriatic Acid Potassium Hydroxide Potassium Permanganate Sodium Acid Phosphate (SAP,SAPP) Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Carbonate (Light ,Dense) Sodium Gluconate
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (SHMP) Sodium Hydrosulfite Sodium Hydroxide (All Grades)
Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Silicate Sodium Sulfite Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP)
Sulfuric Acid
Barium Chloride Bentonite Bicarbonate of Soda Bleach Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Hypochlorite Calcium Oxide Carboxymethylcellulose Caustic Potash
Caustic Soda (All Grades) Caustic Soda-Beads Chlorine, granular Citric Acid
Copper sulfate Cupric Sulfate Cyclohexylamine Defoamers Diatomaceous Earth
Disodium Phosphate Dow Corning Silicone Fluid EDTA EDTA plus Ferric Chloride
Ferric Sulfate Hydrazine Hydrate Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic)
Hydrogen Peroxide (35%,50%) Lime Monosodium Phosphate (MSP) Morpholine
Muriatic Acid Potassium Hydroxide Potassium Permanganate Sodium Acid Phosphate (SAP,SAPP) Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Carbonate (Light ,Dense) Sodium Gluconate
Sodium Hexametaphosphate (SHMP) Sodium Hydrosulfite Sodium Hydroxide (All Grades)
Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Silicate Sodium Sulfite Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP)
Sulfuric Acid
Pharmaceutical
Acetic Acid (Glacial, 56% & 84%) Acetone Acetonitrile Activated Carbon
Aluminum Stearate Amino Acid Ammonium Acetate Ammonium Bicarbonate Ammonium Citrate
Ammonium Hydroxide Antimicrobials Aqua Ammonia Bentonite Benzyl Alcohol
Bicarbonate of Soda Bleach Butyl Stearate Calcium Chloride Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Oxide Calcium Stearate Carboxymethylcellulose Caustic Potash
Caustic Soda (All Grades) Caustic Soda-Beads Cetyl Alcohol Chlorine, granular
Citric Acid Defoamers Denatured Alcohols Denatured Ethyl Alcohol Diatomaceous Earth Dichloromethane Disodium Phosphate Dow Corning Silicone Fluids
Polyethylene Glycol Polyethylene Glycol (PEG's) Polysorbates Potassium Acetate
Potassium Chloride Potassium Citrate Potassium Hydroxide Potassium Metabisulfite
Potassium Phosphate Propyl Alcohol Propylene Glycol (All Grades)
Sodium Acetate Sodium Benzoate Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Carbonate (Light ,Dense)
Sodium Chloride Sodium Citrate Sodium Hydrosulfite Sodium Hydroxide (All Grades)
Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Nitrate Sodium Nitrite Sodium Sulfate Stearic Acid
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) Toluene Triethylamine Tripropylene Glycol Zinc Stearate
Aluminum Stearate Amino Acid Ammonium Acetate Ammonium Bicarbonate Ammonium Citrate
Ammonium Hydroxide Antimicrobials Aqua Ammonia Bentonite Benzyl Alcohol
Bicarbonate of Soda Bleach Butyl Stearate Calcium Chloride Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Oxide Calcium Stearate Carboxymethylcellulose Caustic Potash
Caustic Soda (All Grades) Caustic Soda-Beads Cetyl Alcohol Chlorine, granular
Citric Acid Defoamers Denatured Alcohols Denatured Ethyl Alcohol Diatomaceous Earth Dichloromethane Disodium Phosphate Dow Corning Silicone Fluids
Polyethylene Glycol Polyethylene Glycol (PEG's) Polysorbates Potassium Acetate
Potassium Chloride Potassium Citrate Potassium Hydroxide Potassium Metabisulfite
Potassium Phosphate Propyl Alcohol Propylene Glycol (All Grades)
Sodium Acetate Sodium Benzoate Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Carbonate (Light ,Dense)
Sodium Chloride Sodium Citrate Sodium Hydrosulfite Sodium Hydroxide (All Grades)
Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Nitrate Sodium Nitrite Sodium Sulfate Stearic Acid
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) Toluene Triethylamine Tripropylene Glycol Zinc Stearate
Element or Compound
Element or Compound
Obj. 1. From the name of a chemical, determine whether it is an element or compound.
The first objective says that from the name of the chemical you should be able to determine whether it is an element or a compound. Doing that essentially involves recognizing the names of the elements, and then if you are dealing with something that combines more than one elements, then you are dealing with a compound. We will not be dealing with alloys in this particular lesson.
Exercises
Which of the following chemicals are elements and which are compounds?
a. water
b. ammonia
c. oxygen
d. sulfur
e. carbon dioxide
f. copper(II) sulfate
g. ferrous oxide
Worked-Out Examples (a,b,c)
(a) Water: Water is one of those things that you should just recognize by name and recognize that it consists of hydrogen and oxygen and therefore water is a compound.
(b) Ammonia: Ammonia also is a name of a chemical which is a compound that you should recognize, rather than analyze. Ammonia consists of nitrogen and hydrogen; its formula is NH3. So, ammonia is a compound.
(c) Oxygen: Oxygen you should recognize as an element, not as a compound.
With those three worked out as examples, try doing the rest of exercise 1. When you have completed that, check your answers below.
Answers to Exercises
Which of the following chemicals are elements and which are compounds?
a. water - compound
b. ammonia - compound
c. oxygen - element
d. sulfur - element
e. carbon dioxide - compound
f. copper(II) sulfate - compound
g. ferrous oxide - compound
Obj. 1. From the name of a chemical, determine whether it is an element or compound.
The first objective says that from the name of the chemical you should be able to determine whether it is an element or a compound. Doing that essentially involves recognizing the names of the elements, and then if you are dealing with something that combines more than one elements, then you are dealing with a compound. We will not be dealing with alloys in this particular lesson.
Exercises
Which of the following chemicals are elements and which are compounds?
a. water
b. ammonia
c. oxygen
d. sulfur
e. carbon dioxide
f. copper(II) sulfate
g. ferrous oxide
Worked-Out Examples (a,b,c)
(a) Water: Water is one of those things that you should just recognize by name and recognize that it consists of hydrogen and oxygen and therefore water is a compound.
(b) Ammonia: Ammonia also is a name of a chemical which is a compound that you should recognize, rather than analyze. Ammonia consists of nitrogen and hydrogen; its formula is NH3. So, ammonia is a compound.
(c) Oxygen: Oxygen you should recognize as an element, not as a compound.
With those three worked out as examples, try doing the rest of exercise 1. When you have completed that, check your answers below.
Answers to Exercises
Which of the following chemicals are elements and which are compounds?
a. water - compound
b. ammonia - compound
c. oxygen - element
d. sulfur - element
e. carbon dioxide - compound
f. copper(II) sulfate - compound
g. ferrous oxide - compound
Surfactants
Surfactants
Surfon-20
Surfon-20 is an excellent surfactant for latex paints. In latex paints, they aid in color development, adhesion & freeze-thaw resistance. Surfon-20 is added during paint manufacturing in the start while making mill base along with other additives. It is suitable for paint emulsions like vinyl/acrylic.
Surfon-720
Surfon-720 is an excellent surfactant for latex paints. In latex paints, they aid in color development, adhesion & freeze-thaw resistance. Surfon-720 is added during paint manufacturing in the start while making mill base along with other additives. It is suitable for all type of paint emulsions like acrylic, vinyl/acrylic and styrene/acrylic.
Surfon-20
Surfon-20 is an excellent surfactant for latex paints. In latex paints, they aid in color development, adhesion & freeze-thaw resistance. Surfon-20 is added during paint manufacturing in the start while making mill base along with other additives. It is suitable for paint emulsions like vinyl/acrylic.
Surfon-720
Surfon-720 is an excellent surfactant for latex paints. In latex paints, they aid in color development, adhesion & freeze-thaw resistance. Surfon-720 is added during paint manufacturing in the start while making mill base along with other additives. It is suitable for all type of paint emulsions like acrylic, vinyl/acrylic and styrene/acrylic.
Emulsion Binders
Emulsion Binders
Polyvil VAC-2052Polyvil VAC-2052 is 50% vinyl-acrylic co-polymer designed primarily for use in latex paints for both interior and exterior surfaces.
Polyvil VAC-2055Polyvil VAC-2055 is 55% vinyl-acrylic co-polymer designed primarily for use in latex paints for high PVC interior and exterior surfaces.
Polyacryl MAC-2036Polyacryl MAC-2036 is 35% Styrene-acrylic ter-polymer for cheaper quality distempers and vinyl emulsions.
Polyacryl MAC-2062Polyacryl MAC-2062 is 40% styrene-acrylic ter-polymer for high PVC cheap quality vinyl emulsions.
Polyacryl MAC-2064Polyacryl MAC 2064 is a 50% solid versatile polymer dispersion designed especially as a binder for water based high PVC Paints. Polyacryl MAC- 2064 is composed of styrene & acrylate monomers. The composition allows formulators to design low cost, good quality and good scrub resistance water based coatings.
Polyacryl AC-2075Polyacryl AC-2075 is based on blend of monomers polymerized on controlled conditions. A typical small particle size of Polyacryl AC-2075 renders it suitable particularly for use in production of weather resistant water based paints. It exhibits excellent durability, scrub resistance, resistance to ultra violet radiations and excellent dirt pick resistance.
Polyacryl AC-2080Polyacryl AC-2080 is an APEO Free acrylic emulsion for weather resistant paint for exterior & interior masonry surfaces, flat wall exterior and interior finishes, semi gloss finishes for masonry and wooden surfaces.
Polyacryl AC-2095Polyacryl AC-2095 is high viscosity acrylic binder for production of weather resistant water based paints for interior and exterior coatings.
Polyvil VAC-2052Polyvil VAC-2052 is 50% vinyl-acrylic co-polymer designed primarily for use in latex paints for both interior and exterior surfaces.
Polyvil VAC-2055Polyvil VAC-2055 is 55% vinyl-acrylic co-polymer designed primarily for use in latex paints for high PVC interior and exterior surfaces.
Polyacryl MAC-2036Polyacryl MAC-2036 is 35% Styrene-acrylic ter-polymer for cheaper quality distempers and vinyl emulsions.
Polyacryl MAC-2062Polyacryl MAC-2062 is 40% styrene-acrylic ter-polymer for high PVC cheap quality vinyl emulsions.
Polyacryl MAC-2064Polyacryl MAC 2064 is a 50% solid versatile polymer dispersion designed especially as a binder for water based high PVC Paints. Polyacryl MAC- 2064 is composed of styrene & acrylate monomers. The composition allows formulators to design low cost, good quality and good scrub resistance water based coatings.
Polyacryl AC-2075Polyacryl AC-2075 is based on blend of monomers polymerized on controlled conditions. A typical small particle size of Polyacryl AC-2075 renders it suitable particularly for use in production of weather resistant water based paints. It exhibits excellent durability, scrub resistance, resistance to ultra violet radiations and excellent dirt pick resistance.
Polyacryl AC-2080Polyacryl AC-2080 is an APEO Free acrylic emulsion for weather resistant paint for exterior & interior masonry surfaces, flat wall exterior and interior finishes, semi gloss finishes for masonry and wooden surfaces.
Polyacryl AC-2095Polyacryl AC-2095 is high viscosity acrylic binder for production of weather resistant water based paints for interior and exterior coatings.
Metal Driers
Metal Driers
Dryo Co12%Cobalt 12% is the most active primary metal drier and therefore widely used in air-drying coatings. It is primarily an oxidation catalyst and act as a surface or top drier. To avoid rapid surface drying and to provide uniform drying cobalt is commonly used in combination with other metals driers such as manganese, zirconium, rare earth metals and calcium.
Dryo Co6%Cobalt 6% is the most active primary metal driers and therefore widely used in air-drying coatings. It is primarily an oxidation catalyst and act as a surface or top drier. It is low metal content product for low cost paints.
Dryo Ca5%Calcium 5% is secondary or auxiliary drier which act as promoters for the primary drier and increase the rate of oxygen uptake in air-drying systems considerably. Calcium driers have a significant synergistic effect contributing to improving through-drying when combined with primary driers as cobalt and manganese. Calcium driers help to improve hardness and gloss of the coating film.
Dryo Ca10%Calcium 10% is secondary or auxiliary drier which act as promoters for the primary drier and increase the rate of oxygen uptake in air-drying systems considerably. Calcium driers have a significant synergistic effect contributing to improving through-drying when combined with primary driers as cobalt and manganese. Calcium driers help to improve hardness and gloss of the coating film.
Dryo Pb36%Lead 36% is the most commonly used auxiliary drier and gives excellent through dry in most alkyd coatings. It is used in many industrial applications and is regarded as the most effective through drier over a wide range of temperature. Lead is used with an active oxidizing metal such as cobalt and manganese to decrease the total drying time.
Dryo Zr18%Zirconium 18% is secondary or auxiliary drier and act as promoter for the primary drier and increase the rate of oxygen uptake in air-drying systems considerably. Compared with other secondary driers zirconium has better properties in terms of color, yellowing and stability. In combination with cobalt it is particularly suitable for use in light-colored air-drying coatings.
Dryo Mn10%Manganese 10% is active or primary drier like cobalt and provides surface drying. It is strong oxidant and promotes polymerization to a greater degree than cobalt. In combination with lead, manganese may partially replace cobalt. It is preferred drier for durable hard finishes.
Dryo Co12%Cobalt 12% is the most active primary metal drier and therefore widely used in air-drying coatings. It is primarily an oxidation catalyst and act as a surface or top drier. To avoid rapid surface drying and to provide uniform drying cobalt is commonly used in combination with other metals driers such as manganese, zirconium, rare earth metals and calcium.
Dryo Co6%Cobalt 6% is the most active primary metal driers and therefore widely used in air-drying coatings. It is primarily an oxidation catalyst and act as a surface or top drier. It is low metal content product for low cost paints.
Dryo Ca5%Calcium 5% is secondary or auxiliary drier which act as promoters for the primary drier and increase the rate of oxygen uptake in air-drying systems considerably. Calcium driers have a significant synergistic effect contributing to improving through-drying when combined with primary driers as cobalt and manganese. Calcium driers help to improve hardness and gloss of the coating film.
Dryo Ca10%Calcium 10% is secondary or auxiliary drier which act as promoters for the primary drier and increase the rate of oxygen uptake in air-drying systems considerably. Calcium driers have a significant synergistic effect contributing to improving through-drying when combined with primary driers as cobalt and manganese. Calcium driers help to improve hardness and gloss of the coating film.
Dryo Pb36%Lead 36% is the most commonly used auxiliary drier and gives excellent through dry in most alkyd coatings. It is used in many industrial applications and is regarded as the most effective through drier over a wide range of temperature. Lead is used with an active oxidizing metal such as cobalt and manganese to decrease the total drying time.
Dryo Zr18%Zirconium 18% is secondary or auxiliary drier and act as promoter for the primary drier and increase the rate of oxygen uptake in air-drying systems considerably. Compared with other secondary driers zirconium has better properties in terms of color, yellowing and stability. In combination with cobalt it is particularly suitable for use in light-colored air-drying coatings.
Dryo Mn10%Manganese 10% is active or primary drier like cobalt and provides surface drying. It is strong oxidant and promotes polymerization to a greater degree than cobalt. In combination with lead, manganese may partially replace cobalt. It is preferred drier for durable hard finishes.
Oil Based Enamels
Oil Based Enamels
Polycoat D106-70Polycoat D 106-70 is a medium viscosity linseed long oil alkyd. It is fast air drying with excellent hardness, good water resistance and durability in all climates. It is mainly used for architectural paints, primers, under coats, and finishes on wood and metals.
Polycoat D153-70Polycoat D-153 is a low viscosity alkyd based on specially refined & processed Soya Oil with very good wetting and flow properties. It is used for tin printing, printing inks and over print varnishes.
Polycoat D156-70Polycoat D156-70 is a low viscosity, Soya long oil alkyd with good brush ability. It has a good yellowing resistance in light and darkness and used for air drying interior & exterior enamels.
Polycoat D162-SPolycoat D162-S is a low viscosity, Soya bean long oil alkyd modified with stand oil. It is used for high gloss enamels with excellent gloss retention and good brush ability.
Polycoat D163-SPolycoat D 163-S is a low viscosity alkyd based on refined Soya bean oil with very good wetting and flow properties. Used for decorative paints and for grinding pastes. Can also be used for tin printing products, over print varnishes and printing inks.
Polycoat D165-SPolycoat D165-S is a low viscosity, soyabean long oil alkyd modified with stand oil. It is used for cheaper high gloss enamels.
Polycoat D206-70Polycoat D 206-70 is a medium viscosity long oil alkyd on a blend of linseed oil and some specially treated drying oils. It is fast air drying with excellent hardness and extra gloss. Main applications are architectural paints, primers, under coats, and finishes on wood and metal, for interior and exterior use.
Polycoat D353-70Polycoat D 353-70 is a medium viscosity Soya medium oil alkyd with a good solubility in white spirit. It is compatible with long oil alkyd resins. It has a very good durability and hardness along with yellowing resistance. Mainly used for white air drying spray paints, Air drying industrial primers and finishes, Toy enamels and architectural paints in combination with long oil alkyd resin (D-156-70) in white and pastel shades.
Polycoat D358-70Polycoat D 358-70 is a high viscosity medium oil Alkyd, based on specially refined, bleached and treated drying oils. It is fast drying with excellent hardness and gloss. Used for all purpose durable air drying enamels, Boat and yacht coating, Ship top side paints, Quick drying finishes for railway carriages and buses.
Polycoat D358-SPolycoat D 358-S is a high viscosity medium oil alkyd resin supplied as 100% solid resin, used for low cost air drying enamels.
Polycoat D362-50Polycoat D 362-50 is a very high viscous Soya bean medium oil alkyd with good solubility in white Spirit. It has satisfactory durability, good gloss and hardness. Most suitable for low cost paints, cheap synthetic clear varnishes, low cost primers and undercoats etc.
Polycoat D362-SSolid version of D362-50.
Polycoat D710-60Polycoat D-710-60 is long oil urethane modified alkyd based on tall oil fatty acids with medium viscosity, having a very good flow, brushability, gloss and build. It has good drying properties and excellent durability. Used for high gloss wood varnishes & coatings.
Polycoat D106-70Polycoat D 106-70 is a medium viscosity linseed long oil alkyd. It is fast air drying with excellent hardness, good water resistance and durability in all climates. It is mainly used for architectural paints, primers, under coats, and finishes on wood and metals.
Polycoat D153-70Polycoat D-153 is a low viscosity alkyd based on specially refined & processed Soya Oil with very good wetting and flow properties. It is used for tin printing, printing inks and over print varnishes.
Polycoat D156-70Polycoat D156-70 is a low viscosity, Soya long oil alkyd with good brush ability. It has a good yellowing resistance in light and darkness and used for air drying interior & exterior enamels.
Polycoat D162-SPolycoat D162-S is a low viscosity, Soya bean long oil alkyd modified with stand oil. It is used for high gloss enamels with excellent gloss retention and good brush ability.
Polycoat D163-SPolycoat D 163-S is a low viscosity alkyd based on refined Soya bean oil with very good wetting and flow properties. Used for decorative paints and for grinding pastes. Can also be used for tin printing products, over print varnishes and printing inks.
Polycoat D165-SPolycoat D165-S is a low viscosity, soyabean long oil alkyd modified with stand oil. It is used for cheaper high gloss enamels.
Polycoat D206-70Polycoat D 206-70 is a medium viscosity long oil alkyd on a blend of linseed oil and some specially treated drying oils. It is fast air drying with excellent hardness and extra gloss. Main applications are architectural paints, primers, under coats, and finishes on wood and metal, for interior and exterior use.
Polycoat D353-70Polycoat D 353-70 is a medium viscosity Soya medium oil alkyd with a good solubility in white spirit. It is compatible with long oil alkyd resins. It has a very good durability and hardness along with yellowing resistance. Mainly used for white air drying spray paints, Air drying industrial primers and finishes, Toy enamels and architectural paints in combination with long oil alkyd resin (D-156-70) in white and pastel shades.
Polycoat D358-70Polycoat D 358-70 is a high viscosity medium oil Alkyd, based on specially refined, bleached and treated drying oils. It is fast drying with excellent hardness and gloss. Used for all purpose durable air drying enamels, Boat and yacht coating, Ship top side paints, Quick drying finishes for railway carriages and buses.
Polycoat D358-SPolycoat D 358-S is a high viscosity medium oil alkyd resin supplied as 100% solid resin, used for low cost air drying enamels.
Polycoat D362-50Polycoat D 362-50 is a very high viscous Soya bean medium oil alkyd with good solubility in white Spirit. It has satisfactory durability, good gloss and hardness. Most suitable for low cost paints, cheap synthetic clear varnishes, low cost primers and undercoats etc.
Polycoat D362-SSolid version of D362-50.
Polycoat D710-60Polycoat D-710-60 is long oil urethane modified alkyd based on tall oil fatty acids with medium viscosity, having a very good flow, brushability, gloss and build. It has good drying properties and excellent durability. Used for high gloss wood varnishes & coatings.
PVC Resin
PVC Resin
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Resin: A synthetic resin, composed of repeating units of vinyl chloride. It is very versatile and is used in a wide variety of products
1. SABZ PVC AU-58
AU-58 is a medium-low molecular weight suspension resin. It offers high fusion rate in processing, and has a narrow particle size range. It is very low in fish-eyes, gel count and foreign matter and has excellent heat stability and clarity. It is recommended for transparent and opaque rigid / semi-rigid PVC applications.Applications Rigid PVC sheet, PVC bottles, injection moulded PVC products like non-pressure PVC pipe fittings and conduit fittings, rigid PVC extruded film and sheet.
2. SABZ PVC AU-60
AU-60 is a medium-low molecular weight suspension resin. It offers high fusion rate in processing and has a narrow particle size range. It is very low in fish-eyes, gel count and foreign matter and has excellent heat stability and clarity. It is recommended for transparent and opaque rigid PVC applications.ApplicationsRigid PVC sheet, PVC bottles, injection moulded PVC fittings for pressure application, rigid PVC extruded film and sheet, PVC welding rods.
3. SABZ PVC AU-67S
AU-67S is a medium molecular weight suspension resin. It has a porous particle structure and large interior surface. It has high plasticizer take up and absorption rate. On mixing, it results in free-flowing powder with dry feel. It is very low in fish-eyes and foreign matter. This grade has been specially designed for both transparent and opaque plasticized applications.ApplicationsPVC shoes, sandals and soles (expanded and compact), PVC film, sheet and artificial leather, PVC cables, PVC garden hose and tubes with reinforcements, tubular film and tubing, PVC flooring and tiles, PVC water stops / expansion joints and plasticized PVC compounds.
4. SABZ PVC AU-67R
AU-67R is a medium molecular weight suspension resin. It has a narrow range of particle size distribution, high bulk density, and excellent dry-flow properties. This results into a high and uniform production rate in the extrusion process. This grade has been specially designed, and is recommended for rigid PVC applications.
ApplicationsRigid PVC pipes, conduits and ducting,, PVC profiles such as doors, windows and other sections, PVC corrugated pipes, PVC shrinkable film and also twist wrap candy film, rigid PVC compounds for extrusion.
5. SABZ PVC AU-72
AU-72 is a high molecular weight suspension resin. It has a high plasticizer take up and absorption rate. On mixing, it results in free-flowing powder with dry feel. It is free from gels and foreign matter. It has superior dielectric properties and physical strength, which makes it an ideal choice for electric insulated PVC cables.ApplicationsPVC cables, flexible calendared PVC film, sheet and leather, flexible PVC extrusion and injection moulded products.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Resin: A synthetic resin, composed of repeating units of vinyl chloride. It is very versatile and is used in a wide variety of products
1. SABZ PVC AU-58
AU-58 is a medium-low molecular weight suspension resin. It offers high fusion rate in processing, and has a narrow particle size range. It is very low in fish-eyes, gel count and foreign matter and has excellent heat stability and clarity. It is recommended for transparent and opaque rigid / semi-rigid PVC applications.Applications Rigid PVC sheet, PVC bottles, injection moulded PVC products like non-pressure PVC pipe fittings and conduit fittings, rigid PVC extruded film and sheet.
2. SABZ PVC AU-60
AU-60 is a medium-low molecular weight suspension resin. It offers high fusion rate in processing and has a narrow particle size range. It is very low in fish-eyes, gel count and foreign matter and has excellent heat stability and clarity. It is recommended for transparent and opaque rigid PVC applications.ApplicationsRigid PVC sheet, PVC bottles, injection moulded PVC fittings for pressure application, rigid PVC extruded film and sheet, PVC welding rods.
3. SABZ PVC AU-67S
AU-67S is a medium molecular weight suspension resin. It has a porous particle structure and large interior surface. It has high plasticizer take up and absorption rate. On mixing, it results in free-flowing powder with dry feel. It is very low in fish-eyes and foreign matter. This grade has been specially designed for both transparent and opaque plasticized applications.ApplicationsPVC shoes, sandals and soles (expanded and compact), PVC film, sheet and artificial leather, PVC cables, PVC garden hose and tubes with reinforcements, tubular film and tubing, PVC flooring and tiles, PVC water stops / expansion joints and plasticized PVC compounds.
4. SABZ PVC AU-67R
AU-67R is a medium molecular weight suspension resin. It has a narrow range of particle size distribution, high bulk density, and excellent dry-flow properties. This results into a high and uniform production rate in the extrusion process. This grade has been specially designed, and is recommended for rigid PVC applications.
ApplicationsRigid PVC pipes, conduits and ducting,, PVC profiles such as doors, windows and other sections, PVC corrugated pipes, PVC shrinkable film and also twist wrap candy film, rigid PVC compounds for extrusion.
5. SABZ PVC AU-72
AU-72 is a high molecular weight suspension resin. It has a high plasticizer take up and absorption rate. On mixing, it results in free-flowing powder with dry feel. It is free from gels and foreign matter. It has superior dielectric properties and physical strength, which makes it an ideal choice for electric insulated PVC cables.ApplicationsPVC cables, flexible calendared PVC film, sheet and leather, flexible PVC extrusion and injection moulded products.
Chemical Handling & Storage
Chemical Handling & Storage
A state of the art jetty and terminal at Port Qasim, Karachi for handling and storage of LPG and bulk liquid chemicals.
Storage Capacity
69,000 m3
Number of Tanks
20
Draft Sea Berth
10 meters
Jetty Capacity
Vessels up to 75,000 dwt (currently 45,000 dwt) at 13 meters draft
Access
Sea/Road/Pipeline
Products Handled & Stored
Paraxylene
Acetic AcidPhosphoric Acid (Handling only)Vinyl Chloride MonomerAcrylonitrileLiquefied Petroleum GasMono Ethylene Glycol
A state of the art jetty and terminal at Port Qasim, Karachi for handling and storage of LPG and bulk liquid chemicals.
Storage Capacity
69,000 m3
Number of Tanks
20
Draft Sea Berth
10 meters
Jetty Capacity
Vessels up to 75,000 dwt (currently 45,000 dwt) at 13 meters draft
Access
Sea/Road/Pipeline
Products Handled & Stored
Paraxylene
Acetic AcidPhosphoric Acid (Handling only)Vinyl Chloride MonomerAcrylonitrileLiquefied Petroleum GasMono Ethylene Glycol
fertilizers
Fertilizers
Nitrogenous Fertilizers
It is a trusted high grade fertilizer containing 46% Nitrogen (N), with moderate hydroscopicity. It has a pH value of 6.8 (organic molecule) and is suitable for all crops on all soils. It is an excellent source of Nitrogen for the vast majority of cultivated soils.
Phosphatic Fertilizers
It contains 46% P2O5 and 18% N. More than 90% of Phosphate (P) is water soluble. It has a pH value of 7.33 and is a good source of P fertilizer for all crops. It is an equally good source on problem soils (saline sodic) with coarse texture. On an overall basis it suits to about 90% soils of the country.Engro Zorawar: is one of the highest grade phosphatic fertilizers. It is acidic in reaction (pH >= 3.5) and contains 52% P2O5 of which more than 90% is water soluble, while the rest is citrate soluble. In addition to P, it contains 12% N, 2% sulphur and 1% calcium. It is a beneficial fertilizer for all crops on all soils and produces excellent results on alkaline soils, due to its acidic The acidic pH of Engro Zorawar also tends to slow down the rapid conversion of soluble P to water insoluble compounds, keeping it plant available for a longer period of time.
Nitrogenous Fertilizers
It is a trusted high grade fertilizer containing 46% Nitrogen (N), with moderate hydroscopicity. It has a pH value of 6.8 (organic molecule) and is suitable for all crops on all soils. It is an excellent source of Nitrogen for the vast majority of cultivated soils.
Phosphatic Fertilizers
It contains 46% P2O5 and 18% N. More than 90% of Phosphate (P) is water soluble. It has a pH value of 7.33 and is a good source of P fertilizer for all crops. It is an equally good source on problem soils (saline sodic) with coarse texture. On an overall basis it suits to about 90% soils of the country.Engro Zorawar: is one of the highest grade phosphatic fertilizers. It is acidic in reaction (pH >= 3.5) and contains 52% P2O5 of which more than 90% is water soluble, while the rest is citrate soluble. In addition to P, it contains 12% N, 2% sulphur and 1% calcium. It is a beneficial fertilizer for all crops on all soils and produces excellent results on alkaline soils, due to its acidic The acidic pH of Engro Zorawar also tends to slow down the rapid conversion of soluble P to water insoluble compounds, keeping it plant available for a longer period of time.
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