Pfizer, the largest pharmaceutical company in the world, has stopped development of its most promising drug. The move has rocked both the medical world and the stock markets.
Pfizer invested $800 million and spent 15 years developing torcetrapib.
Cardiologists hoped it would revolutionize heart medicine.
Pfizer was hoping torceptrapib would reduce the buildup of plaque in blood vessels that can cause heart attacks.
The drug was also designed to raise the body's good cholesterol, or HDL, by about 50 percent.
Pfizer stopped the drug's final clinical test because 82 people taking it died during the trial, compared to 52 in the control group not taking the drug.
When this information came in, Pfizer stopped the trials and announced it was abandoning the most promising drug it was developing -- promising both medically and financially, promising that is, until the unexpectedly high number of deaths.
Cardiologist Christopher Cannon expresses concern about the risk. "The higher mortality rate may be small in numbers of patients, but when we think about the tens of millions of people with heart disease who could potentially be treated by this drug, that turns into a large number of patients who could be at risk."
Another pharmaceutical company, AstraZeneca, produces a rival cholesterol drug called Crestor, already on the market.
Roche, another firm, has a drug similar to torcetrapib, still being developed.
Wednesday, July 1, 2009
stock market response to drug legislation:
A study of the reaction of the New York Stock Exchange to the 1969 lifting, and then the 1987 enactment, of strict patent protection for pharmaceuticals in Canada indicates that the stock market responded positively when the change was made in 1989. Pharmaceutical companies require patent protection for their products in order to see gains for development costs, as imitation costs are low. Researchers should be careful not to judge market response too soon, as the market had not yet reacted against the change in the early 1970's.
Sun Pharma
Sun Pharma plunges on seizure of arm's drugs
Sun Pharmaceuticals on Friday plunged as much as 18 per cent in the morning trade on the Bombay Stock Exchange after the US health regulator seized drugs from the Michigan facilities of Caraco, a subsidiary of the domestic pharma company.
Shares of Sun Pharma opened weak on the BSE and lost further ground and plunged to a low of Rs 1,070, down 17.59 per cent over the previous close.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Thursday seized all drug products manufactured by generic drug maker Caraco Pharmaceutical at its Michigan facilities in Detroit following repeated violations of the manufacturing standards.
“This action follows Caraco's continued failure to meet the FDA's current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) requirements, which assure the quality of manufactured drugs.
Following the announcement, shares of Caraco plunged 43 per cent at $2.39 on the American Stock Exchange on Thursday.
Sun Pharmaceuticals on Friday plunged as much as 18 per cent in the morning trade on the Bombay Stock Exchange after the US health regulator seized drugs from the Michigan facilities of Caraco, a subsidiary of the domestic pharma company.
Shares of Sun Pharma opened weak on the BSE and lost further ground and plunged to a low of Rs 1,070, down 17.59 per cent over the previous close.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Thursday seized all drug products manufactured by generic drug maker Caraco Pharmaceutical at its Michigan facilities in Detroit following repeated violations of the manufacturing standards.
“This action follows Caraco's continued failure to meet the FDA's current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) requirements, which assure the quality of manufactured drugs.
Following the announcement, shares of Caraco plunged 43 per cent at $2.39 on the American Stock Exchange on Thursday.
Swine Flu Scare:
Stock Market Bonanza for "Politically Connected" BioTech Companies
The Swine Flu scare has boosted the stock market values of Big Pharma. Following initial reports from Mexico on the influenza outbreak, the demand for anti-flu drugs has skyrocketed.
Supported by media disinformation, an atmosphere of fear and intimidation has unfolded. Health “emergencies” have been declared in various parts of the US.
The most sought after influenza drugs are Tamiflu and Relenza. Treatment courses by the US government have been released from the national stockpile “to make sure health care providers are ready for any escalation in cases.”
Tamiflu is produced by the Swiss pharmaceutical giant Hoffman-La Roche on behalf of a US based biotech company Gilead Sciences, Inc. While the drug is produced by Roche, it was developed by Gilead Sciences Inc. which owns the intellectual property rights.
Fortune Magazine in a report published at the height of 2005 bird flu crisis, described Gilead as one of the most politically connected companies in the biotech industry. Rumsfeld’s interests and/or holdings in Gilead following his resignation in 2006 are not known.
Optimism Opium
In the Spring of 2009, delusion was in full bloom. The sentiment was that the global economic emergency was ending. Americas stock market was up 37% from the March 9 lows. Hope and optimism were broadcast. Trillions of dollars backed by NOTHING were magically manufactured. beneath the media hype, Obama's rock star gig was met with mixed reviews at the April 2009 G-20 meeting in London. But, from here in 2012 there are now food riots, tax protests, farmer rebellions, student revolts, homeless uprisings, tent cities, ghost malls,.......... and general strikes."
Stock at Shanghai Worth $10,000,000
Stock at Shanghai Worth $10,000,000 Less Than on May 1.
Panic region in the local opium market, the stocks in the hands of merchants having depreciated in value $10,000,000 since May 1.
The dealers bound with supplies reiterate the complaints of indian merchants that the cultivation of poppies in china is unabated.
Panic region in the local opium market, the stocks in the hands of merchants having depreciated in value $10,000,000 since May 1.
The dealers bound with supplies reiterate the complaints of indian merchants that the cultivation of poppies in china is unabated.
Opium and Empires
On the basis of a new database of stock and commodity prices, Stock returns for a few Malayan industries related to international trade are significantly correlated with opium price changes, as are prices for labour-intensive, Chinese-dominated export commodities such as tin and gambier. However, opium price changes explain, at most, only a small fraction of the behaviour of stock and commodity prices. On balance, stock and commodity markets ascribed only secondary importance to ups and downs in the opium trade as measured by the price of the drug.
Opium Statistics
Tea and Opium Trade Statistics
British tea purchases from China:
1700-25
1760
1800
1808
400,000 pounds
2,600,000 pounds
23,300,000 pounds
26,000,000 pounds
Chinese Opium Imports:
year
1729
1767
1800-20
1820-30
1832
1838-39
Chests from India
200
1,000
4,500
10,000
23,570
40,000
British tea purchases from China:
1700-25
1760
1800
1808
400,000 pounds
2,600,000 pounds
23,300,000 pounds
26,000,000 pounds
Chinese Opium Imports:
year
1729
1767
1800-20
1820-30
1832
1838-39
Chests from India
200
1,000
4,500
10,000
23,570
40,000
Afghan Opium Crop Record
Afghanistan's opium provides more than 90 percent of the world's heroin, has broken all records in 2006. It reached a historic high despite ongoing U.S.-sponsored eradication efforts, the Bush administration reported yesterday.
In addition to a 26 percent production increase over past year -- for a total of 5,644 metric tons -- the amount of land under cultivation in opium poppies grew by 61 percent. Cultivation in the two main production provinces, Helmand in the southwest and Oruzgan in central Afghanistan, was up by 132 percent.
In addition to a 26 percent production increase over past year -- for a total of 5,644 metric tons -- the amount of land under cultivation in opium poppies grew by 61 percent. Cultivation in the two main production provinces, Helmand in the southwest and Oruzgan in central Afghanistan, was up by 132 percent.
History of Opium Part IV
After World War II the United Nations took over the matter. The Economic and Social Council of this organization set up the U.N. Commission of Narcotic Drugs. This Commission, made up then of 40 member states, started preparations for a worldwide drugs policy.
This resulted in the Single Convention (New York, 30 March 1961) which replaced all previous conventions with one.
All activities which are not directed towards these scientific and medical purposes must be considered as punishable offenses.
The convention has four lists of substances with regard of which a different regime of supervision applies, and on recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) the UN can add certain new substances to these lists. However it must be shown that these substances present a serious threat for public health or are involved in illicit traffic. The first is a clear criterium, the second clearly not. As long as a substance is not forbidden, production, trade and use can, of course, not be illegal!
It is of interest with this to note when the European ratified all these conventions drug abuse was not a social problem. Unlike all other laws, the opium laws in Europe were not introduced as a reaction to a social problem, but were more or less imposed by foreign countries, namely the United States, the '...barbarians of the West' for their 'extraordinary savage idea of stamping out all people who happen to disagree ... with their social theories' against narcotics, against alcohol and in 'their recent treatment of Socialists'. NOTE 13
And, the world was a victim of American puritanism, for in Europe it was really only still in a few Chinese communities that nonmedical opium was used. It was no longer a problem in Asia either now that the aggressive sales tactics by the colonial rulers had ended.
This resulted in the Single Convention (New York, 30 March 1961) which replaced all previous conventions with one.
All activities which are not directed towards these scientific and medical purposes must be considered as punishable offenses.
The convention has four lists of substances with regard of which a different regime of supervision applies, and on recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) the UN can add certain new substances to these lists. However it must be shown that these substances present a serious threat for public health or are involved in illicit traffic. The first is a clear criterium, the second clearly not. As long as a substance is not forbidden, production, trade and use can, of course, not be illegal!
It is of interest with this to note when the European ratified all these conventions drug abuse was not a social problem. Unlike all other laws, the opium laws in Europe were not introduced as a reaction to a social problem, but were more or less imposed by foreign countries, namely the United States, the '...barbarians of the West' for their 'extraordinary savage idea of stamping out all people who happen to disagree ... with their social theories' against narcotics, against alcohol and in 'their recent treatment of Socialists'. NOTE 13
And, the world was a victim of American puritanism, for in Europe it was really only still in a few Chinese communities that nonmedical opium was used. It was no longer a problem in Asia either now that the aggressive sales tactics by the colonial rulers had ended.
History of Opium Part III
In England the Dangerous Drugs Act came into force in 1920.
The treaty of 1912 was 'as leaky as a sieve' because it allowed the states to determine for themselves when and how they would fulfil their obligations with regard to opium, which of course kept the use of opium legal until that time.
To make this battle more effective the League of Nations held two conferences which led to two Geneva Conventions: one of 11 February and one on 19 February 1925.
The first convention concerned limiting the domestic production of and trade in opium in the colonies in the Far East. The second extended the number of substances covered under the Convention to include the coca leaf, raw cocaine, ecgonine and Indian hennep. Also, the states were to step up monitoring of the preparation, trade and possession of the 'numbing' substances involved.
In 1931 there was an international change of course and efforts were also made to forbid the legal production and consumption of opium for nonmedical purposes. New conventions were signed for this purpose: the conventions of Geneva (13 July 1931), of Bangkok (27 November 1931) and Geneva (26 June 1936) a more and more complicated network of conventions. The last convention especially for the suppression of the illicit traffic in narcotics went further towards criminalizing the use of drugs by requiring the convention partners to lay down harsher punishment, in this case with imprisonment for all offenders of the provision from the relevant conventions.
The treaty of 1912 was 'as leaky as a sieve' because it allowed the states to determine for themselves when and how they would fulfil their obligations with regard to opium, which of course kept the use of opium legal until that time.
To make this battle more effective the League of Nations held two conferences which led to two Geneva Conventions: one of 11 February and one on 19 February 1925.
The first convention concerned limiting the domestic production of and trade in opium in the colonies in the Far East. The second extended the number of substances covered under the Convention to include the coca leaf, raw cocaine, ecgonine and Indian hennep. Also, the states were to step up monitoring of the preparation, trade and possession of the 'numbing' substances involved.
In 1931 there was an international change of course and efforts were also made to forbid the legal production and consumption of opium for nonmedical purposes. New conventions were signed for this purpose: the conventions of Geneva (13 July 1931), of Bangkok (27 November 1931) and Geneva (26 June 1936) a more and more complicated network of conventions. The last convention especially for the suppression of the illicit traffic in narcotics went further towards criminalizing the use of drugs by requiring the convention partners to lay down harsher punishment, in this case with imprisonment for all offenders of the provision from the relevant conventions.
History of Opium Part II
American interest here was twofold: they wanted an economically strong China as a market for their own products, and the moral element played a major role. As a result of the SpanishAmerican War, the Philippines became American and the new rulers were confronted with a widespread problem.The American bishop of the Philippines, Charles Henry Brent, carried on a moral crusade in the US against the opium trade and opium addiction, and found widespread support. And not only because he was riding on the waves of Prohibition, for as we have already seen, unlike the European countries, the US also had a domestic opium problem.
The first international convention, the Opium Convention of 23 January 1912, The ratification of the convention was ultimately made dependent on countries not present at the conference, in short it was as leaky as a sieve.
A second conference, held in The Hague in 1913, was equally unsuccessful in effectuating the convention and it was only at the third conference in The Hague in 1914 that a protocol was signed allowing the convention to take effect without the signatures of all the participating countries.
The United States immediately gave substance to this convention with the Harrison Narcotics Act of 17 December 1914 which not only controled the trade, but went much further by making illegal possession of substances named in the convention by unauthorised persons. A maximum fine of $2000 and/or five years imprisonment was the penalty set. The basis for the criminalization of the use of drugs had now been formalized!
The first international convention, the Opium Convention of 23 January 1912, The ratification of the convention was ultimately made dependent on countries not present at the conference, in short it was as leaky as a sieve.
A second conference, held in The Hague in 1913, was equally unsuccessful in effectuating the convention and it was only at the third conference in The Hague in 1914 that a protocol was signed allowing the convention to take effect without the signatures of all the participating countries.
The United States immediately gave substance to this convention with the Harrison Narcotics Act of 17 December 1914 which not only controled the trade, but went much further by making illegal possession of substances named in the convention by unauthorised persons. A maximum fine of $2000 and/or five years imprisonment was the penalty set. The basis for the criminalization of the use of drugs had now been formalized!
History of Opium
The milky fluid extracted from the plant's ovary is highly narcotic after drying. This is then opium. The writings of Theophrastus (3rd century B.C.) are the first known written source mentioning opium. The word opium derives from the Greek word for juice of a plant, after all, opium is prepared from the juice of Papaver somniferum.
The Arabic doctors were well aware of the beneficial effects of opium and Arabic traders introduced it to the Far East. In Europe it was reintroduced by Paracelsus (14931541) and in 1680 the English doctor Sydenham could write:
In the eighteenth century opium smoking was popular in the Far East and the opium trade was a very important source of income for the colonial rulers the English, the Dutch, with even the Spanish getting their share in the Philippines. Although opium was readily available in Europe at that time, its use was not problematical.
Opium contains a considerable number of different substances, and in the nineteenth century these were isolated. In 1806 Friedrich Serturner was the first to extract one of these substances in its pure form. He called morphine after Morpheus, the Greek god of sleep. Codeine (Robiquet, 1832) and papaverine (Merck, 1848) followed. These pure substances supplanted the use of raw opium for medical purposes. Like opium they were frequently used as painkillers and against diarrhea. The invention of the hypodermic in the midnineteenth century lead to widespread use of morphine intravenously as a painkiller.
In the United States opiate use rose greatly in the last century, partly because of the opiumsmoking Chinese immigrants, and partly because many of those wounded in the Civil War were given it intravenously. In addition many 'patent medicines' contained opium extract: laudanum, paregoric, etc. It was partly due to this that morphine also became fashionable as a 'remedy' for opium addiction; for if the doctor gave an opium addict morphine, he was no longer interested in opium so he was cured.
This was also the case in Europe and although its use was at that time much more widespread than is now regarded as acceptable for medical purposes, it led to few problems.
The Arabic doctors were well aware of the beneficial effects of opium and Arabic traders introduced it to the Far East. In Europe it was reintroduced by Paracelsus (14931541) and in 1680 the English doctor Sydenham could write:
In the eighteenth century opium smoking was popular in the Far East and the opium trade was a very important source of income for the colonial rulers the English, the Dutch, with even the Spanish getting their share in the Philippines. Although opium was readily available in Europe at that time, its use was not problematical.
Opium contains a considerable number of different substances, and in the nineteenth century these were isolated. In 1806 Friedrich Serturner was the first to extract one of these substances in its pure form. He called morphine after Morpheus, the Greek god of sleep. Codeine (Robiquet, 1832) and papaverine (Merck, 1848) followed. These pure substances supplanted the use of raw opium for medical purposes. Like opium they were frequently used as painkillers and against diarrhea. The invention of the hypodermic in the midnineteenth century lead to widespread use of morphine intravenously as a painkiller.
In the United States opiate use rose greatly in the last century, partly because of the opiumsmoking Chinese immigrants, and partly because many of those wounded in the Civil War were given it intravenously. In addition many 'patent medicines' contained opium extract: laudanum, paregoric, etc. It was partly due to this that morphine also became fashionable as a 'remedy' for opium addiction; for if the doctor gave an opium addict morphine, he was no longer interested in opium so he was cured.
This was also the case in Europe and although its use was at that time much more widespread than is now regarded as acceptable for medical purposes, it led to few problems.
How Opium Addiction Happens:
Alkaloids found in Opium will build up in your system and stay there for 24 to 48 hours.
Opium consists of many chemicals that affect the human body. The most notable of the opium alkaloids are morphine and codeine. Both are narcotic in their effects, but morphine is the more potent of the two. When morphine, codeine, or any other opiate is introduced into the body, a host of things begin to occur. The first time user of opiates usually will become nauseous and even vomit. The pupils constrict, pulse slows, blood pressure falls, and respiration slows. The user begins to feel warm, euphoric, and relaxed. As time progresses, feelings of fear, panic, and anxiety lessen. Depending on how much has been taken, this progresses into a drowsy, dreamy state leading to a deep sometimes-dreamless sleep. Repeated use leads to more appreciation of the narcotic effects of opiates. However, repeated use also leads to addiction.
If the opiate is suddenly stopped, withdrawal symptoms will occur. These include restlessness, anxiety, rapid pulse, increased blood pressure, crying, runny nose, yawning, muscle spasms, back pain, tremors, and many other symptoms. These will usually begin 8 - 24 hours after the last dose, peak within 48 - 72 hours, and subside in about 7 - 10 days.
Tolerance occurs when the body gets used to a certain amount of the opiate being there, and it requires more and more to get the desired effect.
Opium consists of many chemicals that affect the human body. The most notable of the opium alkaloids are morphine and codeine. Both are narcotic in their effects, but morphine is the more potent of the two. When morphine, codeine, or any other opiate is introduced into the body, a host of things begin to occur. The first time user of opiates usually will become nauseous and even vomit. The pupils constrict, pulse slows, blood pressure falls, and respiration slows. The user begins to feel warm, euphoric, and relaxed. As time progresses, feelings of fear, panic, and anxiety lessen. Depending on how much has been taken, this progresses into a drowsy, dreamy state leading to a deep sometimes-dreamless sleep. Repeated use leads to more appreciation of the narcotic effects of opiates. However, repeated use also leads to addiction.
If the opiate is suddenly stopped, withdrawal symptoms will occur. These include restlessness, anxiety, rapid pulse, increased blood pressure, crying, runny nose, yawning, muscle spasms, back pain, tremors, and many other symptoms. These will usually begin 8 - 24 hours after the last dose, peak within 48 - 72 hours, and subside in about 7 - 10 days.
Tolerance occurs when the body gets used to a certain amount of the opiate being there, and it requires more and more to get the desired effect.
Opium
It is highly addictive substace. Withdrawal from opium causes nausea, tearing, yawning, chills, and sweating.
About 100 years age, opium had been used as a folk medicine, taken with a beverage or swallowed as a solid. It was smoked first time in China in 17th century.
Opium then made its way to Europe and North America, where it takes its place as a painkiller.
Tolerance (the need for higher and higher doses to maintain the same effect) and physical and psychological dependence develop quickly.
About 100 years age, opium had been used as a folk medicine, taken with a beverage or swallowed as a solid. It was smoked first time in China in 17th century.
Opium then made its way to Europe and North America, where it takes its place as a painkiller.
Tolerance (the need for higher and higher doses to maintain the same effect) and physical and psychological dependence develop quickly.
Cigarette consumption
Cigarette consumption and sales of nicotine replacement products
Nicorette Gum---The first nicotine replacement product, was marketed in 1984 to help smokers quit smoking. In 1992, sales of nicotine patches were begun. Since 1996, nicotine gums and patches became available over the counter.
---A 10% increase in sales of nicotine replacement products will lead to a 0.04% reduction in cigarette sales. A 0.076% reduction in cigarette consumption is associated with the availability of nicotine patches after 1992.
---Nicotine replacement products (nicotine gums and nicotine patches) play a significant role in reducing cigarette consumption
Billion-Dollar Nicotine Market
Billion-Dollar Nicotine Maintenance Market are Emerging
Tobacco And Drug Companies Compete For Consumers
Tobacco companies are likely to find themselves competing with pharmaceutical companies to develop new products that will deliver nicotine to nicotine-dependent consumers on a long-term basis without smoking cigarettes.
Now the two industries have diametrically opposed objectives---the tobacco industry striving to sustain nicotine addictions while the pharmaceutical industry striving to end them.
In contrast, safer pharmaceutical products, such as the nicotine patch or inhaler, must go through long, expensive trials to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
"The primary goal of a new nicotine policy should remain helping everyone who wishes to be free from nicotine and tobacco to avoid addiction or achieve abstinence.
Tobacco And Drug Companies Compete For Consumers
Tobacco companies are likely to find themselves competing with pharmaceutical companies to develop new products that will deliver nicotine to nicotine-dependent consumers on a long-term basis without smoking cigarettes.
Now the two industries have diametrically opposed objectives---the tobacco industry striving to sustain nicotine addictions while the pharmaceutical industry striving to end them.
In contrast, safer pharmaceutical products, such as the nicotine patch or inhaler, must go through long, expensive trials to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
"The primary goal of a new nicotine policy should remain helping everyone who wishes to be free from nicotine and tobacco to avoid addiction or achieve abstinence.
Price effect on Nicotine Use
The nicotine content of cigarettes has increased in the US by 11% during the period 1997-2005. Nicotine is the primary agent that makes smoking addictive.
Smoking is a nicotine delivery vehicle. Consumers change their smoking practices in response to such things as changed prices – with price increases they puff harder and inhale longer to achieve desired nicotine concentrations in their brain. This has significant effects in offsetting the effects of higher cigarette prices on health. It is also well-known that smokers who switch to low nicotine cigarettes increase their smoking intake to maintain nicotine levels.
levels to maintain addictions.
The tobacco companies have increased nicotine yields per cigarette by 1.1% annually from 1997-2005 and by 1.6% annually from 1998-2005. More nicotine is delivered per puff and ceteris paribus per dollar.
The effect of these measures is to make it easier to get addicted to smoking. It also enables low income consumers to maintain their addictions in the face of rising cigarette prices.
Smoking is a nicotine delivery vehicle. Consumers change their smoking practices in response to such things as changed prices – with price increases they puff harder and inhale longer to achieve desired nicotine concentrations in their brain. This has significant effects in offsetting the effects of higher cigarette prices on health. It is also well-known that smokers who switch to low nicotine cigarettes increase their smoking intake to maintain nicotine levels.
levels to maintain addictions.
The tobacco companies have increased nicotine yields per cigarette by 1.1% annually from 1997-2005 and by 1.6% annually from 1998-2005. More nicotine is delivered per puff and ceteris paribus per dollar.
The effect of these measures is to make it easier to get addicted to smoking. It also enables low income consumers to maintain their addictions in the face of rising cigarette prices.
Nicotine chewing gums ‘raise cancer risk’
It is found by the team of British scientists that nicotine chewing gum, lozenges and inhalers may have the potential to cause cancer.
They found a link between mouth cancer and exposure to nicotine, which may indicate that using oral nicotine replacement therapies for long periods could contribute to a raised risk of the disease.
The addictive chemical in tobacco, may be more carcinogenic than had previously been appreciated.
It is a fact that Smoking is of course far more dangerous, and people involved in nicotinic product usage should continue its use care fully and also under the guidance of their doctor.
They found a link between mouth cancer and exposure to nicotine, which may indicate that using oral nicotine replacement therapies for long periods could contribute to a raised risk of the disease.
The addictive chemical in tobacco, may be more carcinogenic than had previously been appreciated.
It is a fact that Smoking is of course far more dangerous, and people involved in nicotinic product usage should continue its use care fully and also under the guidance of their doctor.
Tobacco Killings
One of every six deaths in the United States occurs because of smoking tobacco, making tobacco more lethal than all other addictive drugs combined. Each year, nearly 0.5 million Americans die due to the use of tobacco products.
Usage in Teens
Approximately 3.5 million teens between the ages of 12 and 17 use tobacco-that's about 15 percent of teens that age. Cigarettes smokers Of those are noly 3 million, or 13 percent. ALmost 66.5 million people, or about 29 percent of the population use tobacco in the U.S.
Nicotine
Nicotine (C10H14N2) is a naturally occurring liquid alkaloid. It is an organic compound made out of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sometimes oxygen. These chemicals have potent effects on the human body. A great no. of people are enjoying the pleasant effects of Alkaloids like caffeine, a mostly used alkaloid in the world.
Cigarettes contain 8 to 20 milligrams (mg) of nicotine (depending on the brand), but only approximately 1 mg is actually absorbed by your body when you smoke a cigarette.
Cigarettes contain 8 to 20 milligrams (mg) of nicotine (depending on the brand), but only approximately 1 mg is actually absorbed by your body when you smoke a cigarette.
Viagra Side Effects
There are possible side effects with Viagra® (sildenafil citrate) that may be with any medicine. Many people tolerate this drug well. In early research studies, up to 2.5 percent of people taking Viagra stopped their medicine because of side effects.
Most Common Side Effects are,
* Headaches --in up to 16 percent of people
* Urinary tract infections (UTI) -- up to 3 percent
* Vision problems, including trouble telling the difference between blue and green, increased sensitivity to light, or blurred vision -- up to 3 percent
* Diarrhea -- up to 3 percent
* Dizziness -- up to 2 percent
* Unexplained rash -- up to 2 percent.
* Facial flushing -- up to 10 percent
* Indigestion, known as dyspepsia -- up to 7 percent
* Nasal congestion -- up to 4 percent
* Respiratory tract infections
* Back pain
* Flu-like symptoms
* Joint pain.
Most Common Side Effects are,
* Headaches --in up to 16 percent of people
* Urinary tract infections (UTI) -- up to 3 percent
* Vision problems, including trouble telling the difference between blue and green, increased sensitivity to light, or blurred vision -- up to 3 percent
* Diarrhea -- up to 3 percent
* Dizziness -- up to 2 percent
* Unexplained rash -- up to 2 percent.
* Facial flushing -- up to 10 percent
* Indigestion, known as dyspepsia -- up to 7 percent
* Nasal congestion -- up to 4 percent
* Respiratory tract infections
* Back pain
* Flu-like symptoms
* Joint pain.
Erections and Erectile Dysfunction
When a man is aroused, nerve signals are sent from the brain and around the penis. These nerve signals cause chemicals to be released. These chemicals relax muscles in the penis. Normally, these muscles are constricted so that blood cannot flow into the penis. When these muscles relax, large amounts of blood are able to enter the penis, causing an erection. An erection is reversed when another chemical (known as phosphodiesterase type 5 [PDE5]) breaks down the chemicals that caused the muscles to relax in the first place. This causes the muscles in the penis to constrict again, which results in blood leaving the penis.
Viagra works by blocking PDE5. When PDE5 is blocked, more of the chemicals responsible for the erection remain, so the muscles in the penis do not constrict. This allows blood to stay in the penis longer, which allows the man to maintain an erection.
Viagra works by blocking PDE5. When PDE5 is blocked, more of the chemicals responsible for the erection remain, so the muscles in the penis do not constrict. This allows blood to stay in the penis longer, which allows the man to maintain an erection.
How Viagra Works
Viagra is very effective at treating erectile dysfunction. It works by blocking a chemical that causes blood to leave the penis. More blood in the penis means an improved erection.
Viagra® (sildenafil citrate) is a medication that has been licensed to treat erectile dysfunction (ED), which is the repeated inability to get or keep an erection that is firm enough for sexual intercourse.
Viagra® (sildenafil citrate) is a medication that has been licensed to treat erectile dysfunction (ED), which is the repeated inability to get or keep an erection that is firm enough for sexual intercourse.
Viagra Mode of Action:
Viagra is a prescription medication, and is used to treat erectile dysfunction. It works by blocking a chemical in the body that is normally responsible for reversing an erection. As a result, more of the chemicals responsible for the erection remain, so the muscles in the penis do not constrict. This allows blood to stay in the penis longer, which allows the man to maintain an erection. Because Viagra has no effect on the chemicals that cause an erection, it does not work without stimulation.
It shoould be used with great care and according to doctor advice.
It shoould be used with great care and according to doctor advice.
Herbal Viagra have dangerous chemicals
it is reported by Wired News that the "herbal viagra" contain "unnatural chemicals" that "can affect the cardiovascular system or interact with other drugs" and "are quite dangerous."
There should be great care in using this product and always use the origional for the safety of health
There should be great care in using this product and always use the origional for the safety of health
Viagra
it is chemically Sildenafil citrate.It is a drug used to treat male erectile dysfunction (impotence) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH),
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